ASTM E1605-2004(2012) Standard Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings《与建筑物中铅有关的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E1605 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Terminology Relating toLead in Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1605; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for thefollowing:1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of manage-ment of lead hazards

3、in facilities;1.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated witholder wood-frame buildings; and,1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users inreports and notices that are generated during lead hazardmanagement activities.1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Termi

4、-nology E631.1.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documentsinclude the following:1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standardare adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source isbriefly identified at the right margin following the definitionand fully identified in Sect

5、ion 2.1.3.2 Some of the definitions in this terminology standardare adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitionswere made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate relatedterms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or toensure that the revised definition is consistent wit

6、h those forrelated terms. The source is briefly identified with the words“adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and isfully identified in Section 2.1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldfaceare defined in this terminology standard.1.5 This terminology standard exclu

7、des the following:1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except incases where there is a specialized definition within the field oflead hazard management.1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM stan-dards in which they are defined adequately, whether formallyor by the context in whi

8、ch they appear.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of HydraulicCementC859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsD16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD661 Test Method for Evaluating

9、 Degree of Cracking ofExterior PaintsD772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-uids and GasesD4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalkingof Exterior Paint FilmsD4538

10、Terminology Relating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE344 Terminology Relating to The

11、rmometry and Hydrom-etryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating toPhysical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse DerivedFuel3E1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment3E1227 Terminolog

12、y for Chemical Analysis of Metals3E1553 Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate LeadDuring Abatement and Construction Activities31This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23on Lead Hazards

13、 Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1605 04. DOI:10.1520/E1605-04R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at s

14、erviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West

15、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1644 Practice for Hot Plate

16、Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determination of LeadE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent LeadDeterminationE1777 Guide for Prioritization of Data Needs for PavementManagementE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Su

17、rface DustE1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid CoatingEncapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE1908 Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from aBuilding Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Tox-icity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testingfor Leachable Lead (Pb)E

18、1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination ofLeadE2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control ofLead Hazards in Facilities

19、3E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2255 Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments forLead Hazards in BuildingsE2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations FollowingLead Hazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and inOther Child-Occupied FacilitiesF1

20、41 Terminology Relating to Resilient Floor CoveringsF221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protec-tion Systems3G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the In

21、ternationalSystem of Units (SI), the Modernized Metric System2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:440 CFR 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste40 CFR 745.223 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention inCertain Residential Structures-Definitions2.3 ISO Standards:5ISO 90002000 Quality Management Sy

22、stems Funda-mentals and Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help usersunderstand and apply the large number of specialized termsused in connection with the management of lead hazards byproviding a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.3.1.1

23、 This terminology standard includes some terms thatmay be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They areincluded for clarification and in order to provide the user withpreferred existing alternate terms.3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building compo-nents are included to promote consis

24、tency of usage and to helpensure that sampling locations are recorded with sufficientaccuracy to allow independent confirmation of lead measure-ments, if necessary.3.2 A discussion is attached to certain definitions to helpmake the definition clear or to show how the term and itsdefinition are relat

25、ed to other terms.3.3 Terms and definitions in this terminology standard arebased upon laws, regulations, and practices in the UnitedStates.3.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standardare adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that areformally stated or implied in laws and re

26、gulations. They are notintended to replace the latter definitions. The user is respon-sible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring thatthe legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fullysatisfied.3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicablenational, regional, and

27、local laws, regulations, and practices.4. Terminologyabrasion resistance (coatings)ability of a coating to resistbeing worn away and to maintain its original appearance,integrity, and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping,or wear.accessible surfaceinterior or exterior surface (usually up to5

28、 ft (1.5 m) from floor or ground) that is accessible for ayoung child to mouth or chew. See also chewable surface.accreditation, nOfficial authorization, approval, or recogni-tion accorded an individual or organization based uponspecific qualifications. E631accuracy, nthe closeness of the agreement

29、between theresult of a measurement and a true value of the quantity thatis being measured. adapted from draft ISO VIM, Inter-national Vocabulary of Basic and General Termsaction level, na level of a contaminant in a medium at orabove which activities to control the level are initiated.DISCUSSIONThe

30、action level may be a maximum allowable level, asin the definition of lead-containing paint. In other cases, it is defined asbelow a maximum allowable level, and used as a warning to prevent thelatter from being exceeded.An example is the action level in the OSHAlead standard.administrative controls

31、Administrative measures that areused to control occupational exposures to hazards.DISCUSSIONThe most commonly-used administrative controls arejob assignments and job rotations that are designed to limit the durationof worker exposure. Another administrative control is purchase controlto ensure the u

32、se of materials and equipment which produce the leastamount of hazard.administrative removal(of workers), temporary removal ofworkers from a job site prior to blood-lead levels reaching4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE,

33、 Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1605 04 (2012)2values requiring medical removal.analyte, nchemical or element that is the subject o

34、f thetesting or measurement in a sampling and analytical proce-dure, for example, lead in paint.anodic stripping voltammetryan electroanalytical tech-nique in which the concentration of a metal species analyte(such as lead) in a solution is determined by deposition (byreduction) on an electrode, the

35、n stripping from it (byoxidation). The peak electrical current is measured duringstripping, and is proportional to the original metal concen-tration.DISCUSSIONCommercial equipment is available to perform thismethod in the field as well as in fixed-site laboratories.Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC)T

36、he X-ray fluores-cence (XRF) reading or average of more than one reading ona painted surface, not corrected for the substrate.DISCUSSIONThis value was used in a now-obsolete method ofcorrecting XRF readings for substrate effect, and has been replaced byuse of the Performance Characteristic Sheet.ato

37、mic absorptionabsorption of radiant energy by ground-state atoms.DISCUSSIONSubstances when dispersed as an atomic vapor willabsorb characteristic radiations identical to those that the same sub-stances can emit. This property is the basis for analysis by atomicabsorption spectroscopy. D2864baluster

38、(picket), none of a series of closely-spaced uprightmembers that support the handrail in a railing system.E631bare soil, nsoil or sand not covered by grass, sod, other liveground covers, wood chips, gravel, artificial turf, or similarcovering. E2255baseboard, na molding covering the juncture of a wa

39、ll andthe adjoining floor.batcha group of field or quality control samples that areprocessed together using the same reagents and equipment.E1553bias, nsystematic error of the indication of a measuringinstrument. E456biological monitoringanalysis of a persons blood or urine,or both, to determine the

40、 level of lead contamination in thebody.blank sampleunexposed specimen of the medium used intesting, such as a wipe or a filter, which is analyzed withother samples to determine whether samples are either (1)contaminated before collection (for example, in the field, orat the testing site), or are (2

41、) contaminated after collection(for example, during transportation to the laboratory or in thelaboratory), or both. Also called a media blank,oradummyspecimen.blood-lead level (blood level)concentration of lead in theblood, 1 mole/L = 20.72 g/mL.DISCUSSIONBlood lead levels are associated with the ri

42、sk andseverity of toxic effects.calibration curvegraphical or mathematical representationof a relation between a measured parameter and a property ofthe standard for the substance under consideration. C859calibration standardsolutions of known analyte concentra-tion used to calibrate instruments. E1

43、613DISCUSSIONCalibration standards must be matrix matched to theacid content present in sample digestates or extracts and must bemeasured prior to analyzing samples.certificationthe process of testing and evaluating againstcertain specifications the competence of a person, organiza-tion, or other en

44、tity in performing a function or service,usually for a specified period of time. HUD GuidelinesCertified Reference Material (CRM)a reference materialaccompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure that establishes itstraceability to an accurate realizat

45、ion of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed. E1644chalking, nformation on a pigmented coating of a friablepowder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath thesurface. D4214checking (coatings), nphenomenon manifested in paintfilms by slight breaks in the film that do not penetrate

46、 to theunderlying surface.DISCUSSIONThe break should be called a crack if the underlyingsurface is visible. Where precision is necessary in evaluating a paintfilm, checking may be described as visible (as seen by the naked eye)or as microscopic (as observed under a magnification of ten diameters).ch

47、ewable surfacesurface easily accessible to children (usu-ally up to five feet from the floor or ground), and likely to bechewed-on, such as window sills, balusters, and handrails.See accessible surface.child-occupied facilitya facility constructed prior to 1978that is visited regularly by the same c

48、hild, six years of age orunder, at least two different days within any week, for at leastthree hours per visit, six hours per week, and 60 hours peryear. 40 CFR 745.223, adaptedchipping resistance (coatings)ability of a coating or layersof coatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces,resultin

49、g from impact by hard objects or from wear duringservice. D16clearance area, nwork area and additional spaces outsidethe work area where lead contamination may have occurredduring lead hazard control and other building maintenanceor modification activities. E2271DISCUSSIONThe spaces outside the work area may include roomsconnected to the work area, egress routes, waste storage areas, andgrounds adjoining exterior work areas.clearance examination, na process conducted after a leadhazard reduction activity, or other building maintenance a