1、Designation: E1606 09E1606 15Standard Practice forElectromagnetic (Eddy-Current) (Eddy Current) Examinationof Copper and Aluminum Redraw Rod for ElectricalPurposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1606; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice covers the procedures that shall be followed
3、in electromagnetic (eddy-current) (eddy current) examination ofcopper and aluminum redraw rods for detecting discontinuities or imperfections of a severity likely to cause failure or markedlyimpair surface quality of the rod. These procedures are applicable for continuous lengths of redraw rod in di
4、ameters from 14 to138 in. (6.4 to 35 mm) suitable for further fabrication into electrical conductors.1.2 This practice covers redraw rod made from tough-pitch or oxygen-free coppers. It can also be used for other types of coppersuch as fire-refined high conductivity rod. It is also appropriate for a
5、luminum and other nonferrous alloys used for electricalpurposes.1.3 The procedures described in this practice are based on methods for making use of differential or absolute stationaryencircling annular test coil systems.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. Acceptance criteria m
6、ust be established by the using parties.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport
7、 to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E543 Spe
8、cification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1033 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examination of Type F-Continuously Welded (CW) Ferromagnetic Pipe andTubing Above the Curie TemperatureE2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of E
9、lectrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays2.2 ASNT Standards:Documents:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 AIA
10、 Standard:4NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on ElectromagneticMethod.Current edition approved June 1, 2009Dec. 1
11、, 2015. Published July 2009January 2016. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asE1606 - 99E1606 - 09.(2004)1 . DOI: 10.1520/E1606-09.10.1520/E1606-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
12、.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4 Available from Aerospace
13、Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.
14、 Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section
15、appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 ISO Standard:5ISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Certification of NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 Standard terminology relating to el
16、ectromagnetic examinationtesting may be found in Terminology E1316, Section C:Electromagnetic Testing.4. Summary of Practice4.1 ExaminationThe examination is performed by passing the rod lengthwise through a coil differential or absolute coil, or both,energized with alternating current at a fixed fr
17、equency. The electrical impedance of the test coil is affected by rod vibrations, roddimensions, electrical conductivity of the rod material, and metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the rod surface. Duringpassage of the rod, the changes in impedance caused by these variables in the rod pr
18、oduce electrical signals that are processed soas to actuate an audio, visual, or electrical signaling device or mechanical marker that produces a record.device. These electricalsignals can also be displayed and stored digitally or used to actuate mechanical markers to produce a record of indications
19、.4.2 The relative severity and type of imperfections may be indicated by eddy current signal amplitude, phase, or both withautomatic display and recording. Alarm levels can be set to provide data for counting and recording of event totals in variouscategories, as well as for providing outputs for ac
20、tuating other devices. Because the responses from natural discontinuities mayvary significantly from those of artificial discontinuities, care must be exercised in establishing sensitivity and acceptance criteriafor the examination.5. Significance and Use5.1 Eddy-current examination is Eddy current
21、instrumentation provides timely and useful information regarding theacceptability of copper and aluminum rod for quality control purposes as well as providing for early warning that unacceptablerod is being produced. Eddy current testing is a nondestructive method of locating surface discontinuities
22、 in a product. Signals canbe produced by discontinuities located on the surface of the rod. Since the density of eddy-currents eddy currents decreases nearlyexponentially as the distance from the surface increases, deep-seated defects may be undetected.5.1.1 An exception is the detection of subsurfa
23、ce ferromagnetic inclusions with an additional, or shared, winding enveloped ina DC magnetic field and the addition of appropriate instrumentation. The coil winding, acting as a transducer, generates a voltageas the magnetized inclusion passes through, providing an electrical signal separate from th
24、e eddy current response to surfaceimperfections. The rod is transparent to the DC effect allowing high sensitivity to ferromagnetic inclusions, in the absence of eddycurrent noise. The method is inherently speed sensitive but is enhanced by high throughput speeds enabling the detection of smallsubsu
25、rface ferromagnetic inclusions which are particularly detrimental to rod quality.5.2 Some indications obtained by this practice may not be relevant to product quality. For example, a signal may be caused byminute flaws or irregularities, by anomalies in the material, or by other factors such as oper
26、ator error, or a combination thereof,that are not detrimental to the end use of the product. Nonrelevant indications indications, referred to as “noise,” can maskunacceptable discontinuities. On the other hand, relevant indications are those that may result from nonacceptableunacceptablediscontinuit
27、ies and should be determined by agreement between the user and the supplier. Any indication that is believed to beirrelevant shall be regarded as unacceptable until it is demonstrated by reexamination or other means to be nonrelevant.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in
28、the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this practice shallbe qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel qualification practice or standard,such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and certif
29、ied by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreementbetween the using parties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing AgenciesIf specified in the contractual agreement, NDTagencies shall
30、 be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.7. Apparatus7.1 Electronic Apparatus, differential or absolute systems (or both) capable of energizing the test coil with alternating currentsof suitable f
31、requencies (for example, in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz), and capable of sensing the changes in the electrical5 Any copper-zinc-lead alloy (leaded brasses) may also be used as a reference standard. These materials have significantly lower electrical conductivity values comparedwith tough-pitch or
32、oxygen-free copper and therefore, have a conductivity value at room temperature that is comparable to that of copper rod at elevated temperature.Availablefrom International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
33、 Switzerland,http:/www.iso.org.E1606 152impedance of the coils. Electrical signals produced in this manner that are processed so as to actuate an audio, electrical,visual,or visual signaling device or mechanical marker that produces a record.electrical signaling device. These electrical signals can
34、alsobe displayed and stored digitally or used to actuate mechanical markers to produce a record of indications.7.1.1 The electronic apparatus should also be able to provide an electrical signal, either internally or externally, that can be usedto test the apparatus without having a test coil connect
35、ed. This electrical signal is used to verify sensitivity levels and alarmthreshold for the apparatus.7.1.2 The electronic apparatus should have an adjustable filter that includes in its bandwidth the anticipated flaw signalfrequencies.7.1.3 The electronic apparatus may have a “filter out” configurat
36、ion that allows the adjustable filter to be bypassed duringsystem standardization.7.2 Test Coils, capable of inducing currents in the rod and sensing changes in the electrical characteristics of the rod. The testcoil diameter should be selected to yield the largest practical fill factor. The coil as
37、sembly, whether differential or absolute coils,consists of one or more electrical coils, cooling apparatus that is adequate to maintain the proper coil-operating temperature andprevent thermal damage, if needed, and positioning mechanisms for adjusting and maintaining a constant spacing between the
38、coiland the rod surface. Some assemblies may include mechanical guides to prevent physical damage to the coils by contact with theproduct.7.3 Driving MechanismA An optional mechanical means shallmay be used for passing the standardization rodreferencestandard through the test coil with minimum vibra
39、tion of the test coil or rod. The If used, the mechanical device shall maintainthe rod substantially concentric with the electrical center of the test coil. A constant speed (65.0 % When using an apparatus thatis sensitive to speed variations a constant speed (up to 65.0 % of the actual rod speed) s
40、hall be maintained. When using anapparatus that can be configured to be insensitive to speed variations for the purposes of calibration or standardization, thereference standard can be moved through the test coil manually with the mechanical centering maintained by removable, closelyfitted bushings.
41、 This technique should be utilized by the apparatus supplier as well as the user.8. Reference Standards8.1 Reference standards containing one or more artificial discontinuity may be used to establish sensitivity and alarm thresholdsettings to be used during eddy current examination. Sensitivity and
42、alarm thresholds can be established using a reference standardwith a single artificial discontinuity if the instrument is configured to respond only to signal amplitude, without regard to phasedifferences. If phase differences are detected and processed, additional artificial notches can be included
43、 in the reference standardto create and display phase responses.8.2 Artificial discontinuities are not intended to be representative of natural discontinuities or produce a direct relationshipbetween instrument response and discontinuity severity; they are intended only for establishing consistent s
44、ensitivity levels asoutlined in Section 9. The relationship between instrument response and discontinuity size, shape, and location is important andshould be established separately, particularly as related to the excitation frequency.8.3 Asuggested material reference standard is shown in Fig. 1.Arti
45、ficial discontinuities of any other dimension or contour maybe used in a reference standard by mutual agreement between the supplier and purchaser.8.4 Artificial Discontinuity Standard: When using a reference standard with multiple artificial discontinuities, they shall bespaced to provide signal re
46、solution adequate for interpretation.Asample of this type might be prepared with a hole drilled radiallyinto the rod in each of three successive transverse planes at 0, 120, and 240, and one round bottom transverse notch on the rodsurface at 120 (Fig. 1).NOTE 1A suggested length between discontinuit
47、ies is 2 in. (51 mm). However, this space should be sufficient to provide signal resolution adequatefor interpretation. The speed of the standardization rodreference standard through the test coil is not critical, but a range from 5 to 150 ft/min (1.5 to 45.72m/min) is recommended.FIG. 1 Reference S
48、tandards With Three Holes and One NotchE1606 1538.1.1 The standardization rod used when adjusting the sensitivity setting of the apparatus shall be selected from a typicalproduction run and shall be representative of the purchasers order. Furthermore, it shall be processed subsequently into amechani
49、cally shaved or machined condition. The rods shall be passed through the test coil with the instrument sensitivity set highenough to determine the nominal background noise inherent in the rods. Any standard used shall be selected from rods exhibitinglow background noise.8.4.1 Drilled HolesThe artificial discontinuities shall be spaced to provide signal resolution adequate for interpretation. Theseartificial discontinuities shall be prepared with a hole drilled radially holes shall be drilled radially with No. 72 drill into the rodin each of three successive transve
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