1、Designation: E 1611 00 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forConducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with PolychaetousAnnelids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratorydata concerning the adverse effects of potentially cont
3、aminatedsediment, or of a test material added experimentally to con-taminated or uncontaminated sediment, on marine or estuarineinfaunal polychaetes during 10-day or 20 to 28-day exposures.These procedures are useful for testing the effects of variousgeochemical characteristics of sediments on marin
4、e and estua-rine polychaetes and could be used to assess sediment toxicityto other infaunal taxa, although modifications of the proceduresappropriate to the test species might be necessary. Proceduresfor the 10-day static test are described for Neanthes arenaceo-dentata and Neanthes virens and for t
5、he 20 to 28-day static-renewal sediment toxicity for N. arenaceodentata.1.2 Modifications of these procedures might be appropriatefor other sediment toxicity test procedures, such as flow-through or partial life-cycle tests. The methods outlined in thisguide should also be useful for conducting sedi
6、ment toxicitytests with other aquatic taxa, although modifications might benecessary. Other test organisms might include other species ofpolychaetes, crustaceans, and bivalves.1.3 Other modifications of these procedures might be ap-propriate for special needs or circumstances. Although usingappropri
7、ate procedures is more important than following pre-scribed procedures, the results of tests conducted using unusualprocedures are not likely to be comparable to those of manyother tests. Comparisons of the results obtained using modifiedand unmodified versions of these procedures might provideusefu
8、l information concerning new concepts and proceduresfor conducting sediment tests with infaunal organisms.1.4 These procedures are applicable to sediments contami-nated with most chemicals, either individually or in formula-tions, commercial products, and known or unknown mixtures.These procedures c
9、an be used with appropriate modificationsto conduct sediment toxicity tests on factors such as tempera-ture, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and natural sedimentcharacteristics (for example, particle size distribution, organiccarbon content, and total solids). These procedures can also beused to co
10、nduct bioconcentration tests and in situ tests, and toassess the toxicity of potentially contaminated field sediments,or of materials such as sewage sludge, oils, particulate matter,and solutions of toxicants added to sediments. A median lethalconcentration (LC50) or median sublethal effect concentr
11、ation(EC50) of toxicants or of highly contaminated sediment mixedinto uncontaminated sediment can be determined. Materialsadhering to sediment particles or dissolved in interstitial watercan be tested.1.5 The results of 10-day toxicity tests with contaminatedsediments can be reported as a LC50 if a
12、series of concentra-tions is tested or as a percent mortality relative to a control orreference sediment. The results of 20 to 28-day toxicity testswith contaminated sediments can be reported as a LC50 if aseries of concentrations is tested or as a percent mortality orgrowth relative to a control or
13、 reference sediment.1.6 This guide is arranged as follows:SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Facilities 7.1Construction Materials 7.2Test Chambers 7.3Cleaning 7.4Acceptability 7.5Hazards 8Test Water 9General Requirements 9.1Sou
14、rce 9.2Preparation 9.3Characterization 9.4Test and Control Sediments 10General 10.1Characterization 10.2Control Sediment 10.3Field-Collected Test Sediment 10.4Reference Sediment 10.5Laboratory-Spiked Test Sediment 10.6Test Concentration(s) 10.7Addition of Toxicant to Sediment 10.8Test Organisms 11Sp
15、ecies 11.1Age 11.21This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.03 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1
16、994. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1611 - 00.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.SectionFeeding 11.3Source 11.4Collection and Handling 11.5Qu
17、ality 11.6Experimental Design 12Controls 12.2Field Survey Design 12.3Laboratory Experiments 12.4Procedure 13Dissolved Oxygen 13.1Temperature 13.2Salinity 13.3Light 13.4Feeding 13.5Beginning of Test 13.6Duration of Test 13.7Biological Data 13.8Other Measurements 13.9Analytical Methodology 14Acceptabi
18、lity of Test 15Interpretation of Results 16Report 17Keywords 18AnnexesNeanthes arenaceodentata Annex A1Neanthes virens Annex A21.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
19、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardsstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relatin
20、g to WaterD 3976 Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples forChemical AnalysisD 4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals andSamplesE 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-iansE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effe
21、cts and En-vironmental FateE 1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material toAquatic Organisms and Their UsesE 1192 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests onAqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes,Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE 1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicit
22、yTests with FishesE 1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine andMarine InvertebratesE 1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic
23、 Inver-tebratesE 1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sedi-mentsE 1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Inver-tebratesSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standardfor Use of the International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metr
24、ic System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express the strongest possible recommendation, justshort of an absolute requirement, that is, to state that this testought to be designed to s
25、atisfy the specific condition, unless thepurpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” is usedonly in connection with factors that relate directly to theacceptability of the test (see Section 14). “Should” is used tostate that the specific condition is recommended and ought tobe met if pos
26、sible. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, the violation of several will often renderthe results questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is oftendesirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connectionwith less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)a
27、llowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus the classicdistinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might”is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, referto Termin
28、ologies D 1129 and E 943, Guides E 729, E 1023,E 1192, E 1367, and E 1525. For an explanation of units andsymbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 clean sediment, nsediment that does not containconcentrations of toxicants that cause apparent
29、stress to the testorganism or reduce their survival.3.2.2 control sediment, na sediment that is essentially freeof contaminants and is used routinely to assess the acceptabil-ity of a test.3.2.3 estimated individual dry weight, na value that iscalculated by dividing the total dry weight by the numbe
30、r ofsurviving worms within a replicate.3.2.4 exposure, ncontact with a chemical or physicalagent (see Terminology E 943).3.2.5 interstitial water, nwater occupying the space be-tween sediment or soil particles; a synonym for pore water.3.2.6 overlying water, nthe water added to the test cham-ber ove
31、r the solid phase of the sediment in a toxicity test.3.2.7 pore water, nwater occupying the space betweensediment particles; a synonym for interstitial water.3.2.8 reference sediment, na whole sediment near the areaof concern used to assess sediment conditions exclusive ofmaterial(s) of interest.2Fo
32、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E 1611 00 (2007)23.2.9 sediment, nparticulate material that usua
33、lly liesbelow water. Formulated particulate material that is intended tolie below water in a test.3.2.10 short-term toxicity tests, ngenerally used to deter-mine the concentration of test material that produces a specificadverse effect on a specific percentage of test organisms duringa short exposur
34、e (for example, 10 days). Because death isobviously an important adverse effect and is detected easily formany species, the most common end point is survival. Bothsurvival and growth are used as end points in the 20 to 28-daytest. Effect on 50 % of a group of test organisms is the mostexperimentally
35、 reproducible and easily determined measure oftoxicity, and 96 h is often a convenient, useful exposureduration. The measure used most often in acute tests istherefore the 96-h LC50 value. In tests with contaminatedsediment, however, the exposure period is generally 10 days or20 to 28 days. Death is
36、 used as the measure of toxicity in the10-day test; the results are reported as a 10-day LC50 orresponse relative to a control or reference sediment. Dry bodyweight is used as the measure of effect in the 20 to 28-day testor the 20 to 28-day LC50 if dilutions are tested.3.2.11 spiked sediments, na s
37、ediment to which a materialhas been added for experimental purposes.3.2.12 toxicity, nthe property of a material or combinationof materials that affects organisms adversely (see TerminologyE 943).3.2.13 whole sediment, nsediment that has not had mate-rial extracted or removed.4. Summary of Guide4.1
38、Two procedures are used to measure the relative toxicityof marine or estuarine sediments to polychaetes: (1) the 10-daytest, which measures the effect of contaminated sediment onsurvival; and (2) the 20 to 28-day test, which determines theeffect of contaminated sediment on survival and growth. Ifsma
39、ller worms are used, such as N. arenaceodentata, fiveworms are placed in a 1-L glass test chamber with a minimumsediment depth of 2 to 3 cm and the overlying water aerated.Either young adult or recently emerged juveniles (2 to 3 weekspost-emergence) worms are used in the 10-day test; onlyrecently em
40、erged (2 to 3 weeks) juveniles are used in the 20 to28-day test. The survival of the worm exposed to the testsediment is compared with the survival in a negative control orreference sediment in the 10-day test. The same procedure isused in the 20 to 28-day test, except for the test duration (seeAnne
41、x A1). If larger worms are used, such as N. virens, tenworms are placed in a glass aquaria (4 to 37 L) with aminimum sediment depth of 10 cm and the overlying wateraerated. A negative control or reference sediment is used togive a measure of the acceptability of the test by (1) providingevidence of
42、the health and relative quality of the test organ-isms, suitability of the overlying water, test conditions, andhandling procedures, etc.; and (2) providing a basis forinterpreting data obtained from the test sediments.4.1.1 The percent survival of polychaetes exposed to field-collected sediment is
43、compared to those exposed to a negativecontrol or reference sediment in 10-day tests. The survival andbody weight of the animals surviving in field-collected sedi-ment is compared to those exposed to negative control orreference sediment in 20 to 28-day tests. The toxicity of fieldsediments may also
44、 be assessed by testing dilutions of highlytoxic test sediments with clean sediments to obtain informationon the toxicity of proportions of that sediment.4.1.2 The toxicity of a material added experimentally tosediments can be expressed by analyzing the survival andgrowth data to determine a LC50 fo
45、r the material for theduration of exposure.4.2 The annexes at the end of this guide outline thetechniques for collecting, identifying, holding, and testing N.arenaceodentata and N. virens and culturing N. arenaceoden-tata.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test procedure covered in this guide is not int
46、endedto simulate exactly the exposure of benthic polychaetes tochemicals under natural conditions, but rather to provide aconveniently rapid, standard toxicity test procedure yielding areasonably sensitive indication of the toxicity of materials inmarine and estuarine sediments.5.2 The protection of
47、 a community of organisms requiresaverting detrimental contaminant-related effects on the numberand health of individuals and species within that population.Sediment toxicity tests provide information on the toxicity oftest materials in sediments. Theoretically, projection of themost sensitive speci
48、es within a community will protect thecommunity as a whole.5.3 Polychaetes are an important component of the benthiccommunity. They are preyed upon by many species of fish,birds, and larger invertebrate species, and they are predators ofsmaller invertebrates, larval stages of invertebrates, and, ins
49、ome cases, algae, as well as organic material associated withsediment. Polychaetes are sensitive to both organic and inor-ganic chemicals (1, 2).3The ecological importance of polycha-etes, their wide geographical distribution and ability to becultured in the laboratory, and sensitivity to chemicals, makethem appropriate toxicity test organisms.5.4 An acute or 10-day toxicity test is conducted to obtaininformation concerning the immediate effects to a test materialon a test organism under specified experimental conditions fora short period of time. An acute toxicity test do
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