1、Designation: E1646 95 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forWater Penetration of Exterior Metal Roof Panel Systems byUniform Static Air Pressure Difference1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance of exterio
3、r metal roof panel systems to water penetrationwhen water is applied to the outdoor face simultaneously witha static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressureat the indoor face, that is, positive pressure. This test method isa specialized adaption of Test Method E331.1.2 This test me
4、thod is applicable to any roof area and isintended to measure only the water penetration associated withthe field of roof including panel side laps and structuralconnections. It does not include leakage at openings orperimeter or any other details.1.3 This test method is limited to specimens in whic
5、h theside seams and attachments are clearly visible and in which thesource of leakage is readily determined. Composite systems inwhich the source cannot be readily determined are outside thescope of this test method.1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledgeof the principles of pres
6、sure and flow measurement.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only and may be approximate.1.6 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes excluding tables and figures, which provide explana-tor
7、y material. These notes and footnotes shall not be consid-ered as requirements of the test method.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
8、 practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 7.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Win-dows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by UniformStatic Air Pressure Differe
9、nceE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1680 Test Method for Rate of Air Leakage ThroughExterior Metal Roof Panel SystemsE1592 Test Method for Structural Performance of SheetMetal Roof and Siding Systems by Uniform Static AirPressure Difference2.2 Other Standards:AAMA 501 Methods of Test for M
10、etal Curtain Walls33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms relating tobuilding construction used in this test method, see TerminologyE631.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimenthe entire assembled unit submitted fortest as described in Section 8.3.2.
11、2 test pressure differencethe specified difference instatic air pressure across the assembled and fixed specimenexpressed as pounds-force per square foot (newtons per squaremetre (pascals).3.2.3 water leakagepenetration of water onto the exposedinside surface of the test specimen under specified con
12、ditionsof air pressure difference across the specimen during a 15-mintest period. Water penetration at or around end dams or siderails is not leakage; end dams and side rails are installed tocause and control ponding over the panels and to support thepanels. They are not part of the roof.1This test
13、method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.57on Performance of Metal Roof Systems.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20
14、03 as E1646 95 (2003).DOI: 10.1520/E1646-95R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fro
15、m Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers Association (AAMA),1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173, http:/www.aamanet.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method
16、 consists of sealing and fixing the testspecimen into or against one face of a test chamber, supplyingair to or exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required tomaintain the test pressure difference across the specimen, whilespraying water onto the outdoor face of the specimen at therequired r
17、ate and observing any water leakage.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determiningthe resistance to water penetration under uniform positive staticair pressure differences, and simulates wind driven rain im-posed on sidelaps and rain that is free to drain while b
18、uildinga water head as it flows. The slope of the roof is significant.These factors shall be fully considered prior to specifying thetest pressure difference.NOTE 1In applying the results of tests by this method, note that theperformance of a roof or its components, or both, may be a function ofprop
19、er installation and adjustment. In service, the performance alsodepends on the rigidity of supporting construction, roof slope, and on theresistance of components to deterioration by various causes: corrosiveatmosphere, aging, ice, vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, etc.It is difficult to
20、 simulate the identical complex wetting conditions that canbe encountered in service, including large wind-blown water drops,increasing water drop impact pressures with increasing wind velocity, andlateral or upward moving air and water. Some designs are more sensitivethan others to this upward movi
21、ng water.NOTE 2This is a test procedure. It is the responsibility of thespecifying agency to determine the specimen construction, size, and testpressures after considering the methods guidelines. Practical consider-ations suggest that every combination of panel thickness, span, and designload need n
22、ot be tested in order to substantiate product performance.NOTE 3This test method shall not, by itself, be relied upon to formconclusions about overall water penetration through metal roofs. A roofcontains many details. Although prescribed modifications are outside thescope of this test method, an ex
23、perienced testing engineer is able to use theprinciples presented in this test method and generate significant data byisolating specific details and measuring leakage.6. Apparatus6.1 The description of apparatus in this section is general innature, and any arrangement of equipment capable of perform
24、-ing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances ispermitted.6.2 Major Components (see Fig. 1):6.2.1 Test ChamberA test chamber or box with either anopening, a removable mounting panel, or one open face inwhich or against which the specimen is installed and sealed.The specimen shall be instal
25、led horizontally. Chamber designshall not allow run-off from the test chamber to drain onto thetest specimen. At least one static pressure tap shall be providedto measure the chamber pressure and shall be so located thatthe reading is unaffected by the velocity of the air supply to orfrom the chambe
26、r. The air supply opening into the chambershall be arranged so that the air does not impinge directly onthe test specimen with any significant velocity. When required,a means of access shall be provided into the chamber tofacilitate adjustments and observations after the specimen hasbeen installed.N
27、OTE 4Uniform ponding is essential to this test methodrefer to 5.1.For this reason the specimen slope must be horizontal, and the overflowdevices described in 8.3 are required to control ponding. Chamber run-offthat drains onto the specimen is not allowed so that the accuracy anduniformity of the met
28、ered flow rate described in 6.2.4 is not compromised.6.2.2 Air SystemA controllable blower, compressed airsupply, exhaust system, or reversible blower designed toprovide the required maximum air-pressure difference acrossthe specimen. The system must provide essentially constantairflow at a fixed pr
29、essure for the required test period and becapable of maintaining positive and negative pressures.6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring ApparatusA device to measurethe test pressure difference within a tolerance of 62 %. Thedevice must measure positive and negative pressures.6.2.4 Water-Spray SystemThe water-spra
30、y system shalldeliver water uniformly against the exterior surface of the testspecimen at a minimum rate of 5.0 U.S. gal/ft2per h or 8 in./h(3.4 L/m2per min).6.2.4.1 The water-spray system shall have nozzles spacedon a uniform grid, located at a uniform distance approximately12 in. (0.3 m) above the
31、 test specimen, and be adjustable toprovide the specified quantity of water in such a manner as towet the test specimen uniformly and to wet those areasvulnerable to water leakage. The spray must be directed at alloverlapping side seams with the stream centerline approxi-mately 20 off vertical (see
32、Fig. 1). If additional nozzles arerequired to provide uniformity of water spray at the edge of thetest specimen, they shall be equally spaced around the entirespray grid.7. Hazards7.1 WarningGlass breakage and specimen failure do notnormally occur at the small pressure differences applied in thistes
33、t. Larger or excessive pressure differences occur duringpreload or due to error in operation or when the apparatus isused for other purposes such as structural testing; therefore,exercise adequate precautions to protect personnel.8. Test Specimen8.1 Roof test specimens shall be of sufficient size to
34、determine the performance of all typical parts of the roofsystem. For roofs constructed with prefabricated or preformedunits or panels, the specimen width shall be equivalent to orgreater than the width of three typical units plus the side railsupporting elements at each edge. The specimen shall con
35、tainat least three assembled side lap seams; this allows partialwidth units. The specimen width shall be sufficient to provideloading on at least one typical unit (see Fig. 1). The specimenshall be of sufficient length to develop a multispan conditionunless the panel is used only in single span appl
36、ications. If twospans are used, they shall be unequal, with the shorter being75 % of the longer. One panel end lap is optional but shall notbe used if the test will be run in tandem with Test MethodE1680. However, one end lap is allowed if the specifyingauthority adopts the option at Test Method E16
37、80.NOTE 5The unbalanced span criterion more closely simulates multi-span panel deflection curvature. This works the panel sidelap whileminimizing specimen length.E1646 95 (2011)2FIG. 1 General Arrangement of Water Leakage Apparatus Positive Chamber SystemE1646 95 (2011)38.1.1 All parts of the roof t
38、est specimen shall be full size,using the same materials, details, and methods of constructionand anchorage as used on actual buildings.8.1.2 Condition of structural support shall be simulated asaccurately as possible. If the roof system accommodatesthermal expansion parallel to the panel, this deta
39、il must beincluded in the test specimen, and the interior support must beable to slide parallel to the panel or its attachment or both.8.2 If insulation is an optional component of the roofsystem, it shall not be included in the test specimen.8.2.1 If only one specimen is to be tested, the specifyin
40、gauthority determines the selection.NOTE 6It should be recognized that performance is likely to be afunction of size, geometry, and stiffness. Therefore, select specimenscovering the range of sizes to be used in a building. In general, the largestsize and least stiff of a particular design, type, co
41、nstruction, and configu-ration should be tested (see Note 2 for related commentary).8.3 Overflow devices shall be provided to ensure that waterponds at least12 in. (13 mm) but no more than34 in. (20 mm)above the panel bottom between each major flute while thespecimen is subjected to the specified fl
42、ow.9. Calibration9.1 The ability of the test apparatus to meet the require-ments of 6.2.4.1 shall be checked by using a catch box, theopen face of which shall be located at the position of the faceof the test specimen. The calibration device is illustrated in Fig.2. The catch box shall be designed t
43、o receive only waterimpinging on the plane of the test specimen face and to excludeall run-off water from above. The box shall be 24 in. (610 mm)square and divided into four areas each 12 in. (305 mm) square.Use a cover approximately 30 in. (760 mm) square to preventwater from entering the calibrati
44、on box before and after thetimed observation interval. The water impinging on each areashall be captured separately. A spray that provides at least 20gal/h (1.26 L/min) total for the four areas and not less than 4gal/h (0.25 L/min) nor more than 10 gal/h (0.63 L/min) in anyone square shall be accept
45、able.9.1.1 The water-spray system shall be calibrated at allcorners and, if no overlapping occurs, at the quarter andmid-points of the horizontal center line (of the spray system).If a number of identical, contiguous, modular spray systems areused, only one module is required to be calibrated. The s
46、ystemshall be calibrated with the catch boxes at a distance within 62in. (50 mm) of the required test specimen location relative tothe nozzle. Recalibration shall be at intervals necessary in thejudgment of the testing agency but not longer than 6 months.10. Information Required10.1 The test-pressur
47、e difference or differences at whichwater penetration is to be determined, unless otherwise speci-fied, shall be 2.86 lbf/ft2(137 Pa) for roof applications less thanor equal to 30 from horizontal. Unless otherwise specified,this test-pressure shall be 20 % of the positive design windpressure but not
48、 less than 6.24 lbf/ft2(300 Pa) for roofapplications steeper than 30 from horizontal. The test pressureshall not exceed 12 lbf/ft2(575 Pa).NOTE 7This commentary is included to assist the specifier in theselection of test pressures. This test method is consistent with the defaulttest-pressure in Test
49、 Method E331 and the recommendations in AAMAMethods 501. This test method considers that although neither is tolerable,water penetration at roofs is generally even less acceptable than at wallsFIG. 2 Catch Box for Calibrating Water-Spray SystemE1646 95 (2011)4. However, for shallow roofs, the test pressure requirement is bufferedsince these roofs rarely see large positive pressures unless the resultantpressure is caused by building openings. The default test pressure in TestMethod E331 has been adapted for low sloped roofs. Positive pressuresare more pro
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