1、Designation: E 1656 06Standard Guide forClassification of Automated Pavement Condition SurveyEquipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1656; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information for classifying the mea-surement capability of pavement condition survey equipmentor instrument
3、ation that measures longitudinal profile, trans-verse profile or cracking of pavement surfaces while operatingat or near traffic speeds.1.2 The measuring equipment or instrumentation, addressedby the guide, samples and stores measurement data whileoperating at or near traffic speeds.1.3 This guide d
4、oes not address equipment that operates attraffic speeds but is incapable of measuring profile or indi-vidual crack characteristics, such as response-type roughnessmeasuring systems and semi-automated distress recordingsystems.1.4 This guide provides measurement criteria and classifi-cation for use
5、in a range of applications.1.5 The measurement criteria apply to longitudinal profile,transverse profile, or the cracking of pavement surfaces.1.6 This guide does not address the processing of measureddata.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi
6、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology
7、3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 characteristica directly measurable distinguishingproperty of the pavement surface. Examples are pavementlongitudinal profile, transverse profile, and separations in thecontinuity of a pavement surface.3.1.2 dynamic intermediate precisionthe p
8、recision of themeasurement of a characteristic determined under dynamicintermediate precision conditions in which the same equipmentmoving at operating speed measures the characteristic at thesame location repeatedly, in accordance with the procedurespecified in 7.2.3.1.3 longitudinal profilethe per
9、pendicular deviations ofthe pavement surface from an established reference parallel tothe lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.3.1.4 resolutionthe smallest increment that acharacteristic-measuring process must distinguish and display.3.1.5 stationary repeatability precisionthe precis
10、ion ofthe measurement of a characteristic determined under repeat-ability condition with the instrumented equipment stationary,in accordance with the procedure specified in 7.1.3.1.6 tolerancethe defined limits of allowable (accept-able) departure from the true value of a measured quantity.4. Signif
11、icance and Use4.1 Highway agencies, equipment manufacturers, and otherorganizations can use this guide to classify the measuringcapabilities of pavement condition survey equipment thatoperates at traffic speeds and collect some of the data useful incharacterizing pavement conditions.4.2 The vertical
12、 measurement resolution, sample interval,and crack width capabilities as specified in Section 5 aresubject to user verification.5. Guidelines5.1 Classification:5.1.1 Attribute Measurement Category:5.1.1.1 The measuring capability of condition survey equip-ment is described by a set of attribute meas
13、urement categories,each designating the capability of measuring an individualpavement attribute. The designated attributes covered are:(1) longitudinal profile,(2) transverse profile, and(3) crack width.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems and is th
14、e direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.41 onPavement Management.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1656 94 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
15、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.2 Code:5.1.2.1 The measu
16、rement capability in each category isdesignated by the sequence of codes each representing a typeor level of measurement capability, as follows:(1) First codeMeasured attribute (alphabetic),(2) Second codeStationary repeatability precision (nu-meric),(3) Third codeLongitudinal sampling interval (num
17、eric),(4) Fourth codeTransverse sampling interval (numeric),and(5) Fifth codeTransverse coverage (numeric).5.1.3 Code values:5.1.3.1 The values of each code are defined in the followingsections:5.2 Equipment for Measuring Longitudinal ProfileEquipment capability is defined by vertical-measurement st
18、a-tionary repeatability precision, transverse sampling frequency,and longitudinal sampling interval. Equipment capability isdivided into the classes shown in Table 1.5.2.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a stationaryrepeatability precision of 0.15 mm (0.06 in.), a movinglongitudinal samplin
19、g interval of 125 mm (5 in.) and atransverse sampling of three profiles per pass, it is a Code L221unit.5.3 Equipment for Measuring Transverse ProfileEquipment capability is defined by vertical-measurement sta-tionary repeatability precision, transverse sampling intervaland longitudinal sampling int
20、erval. Equipment capability isdivided into the classes shown in Table 2.5.3.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a stationaryrepeatability precision of 0.3 mm (0.012 in.), a movinglongitudinal sampling interval of 2 m (6.5 ft), a transversesampling interval of 150 mm (6 in.) and a transverse c
21、overageof 2.0 m (6.5 ft), it is a Code T3233 unit.5.4 Equipment for Measuring Cracking of PavementSurfacesEquipment capability depends on the stationaryrepeatability precision with which crack width can be mea-sured, the transverse sampling interval and the longitudinalsampling interval. The capabil
22、ity of equipment is divided intothe classes shown in Table 3.5.4.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a crackwidth stationary repeatability precision of 0.7 mm (0.028 in.),a longitudinal sampling of 0.3 mm (0.012 in.), a transversesampling interval of 5 mm (0.20 in.) and a transverse coverageo
23、f 2.0 m (6.5 ft), it is a Code C3253 unit.6. Applications6.1 The measures addressed by this guide support pavementmanagement for roads, airfields, and other paved areas. Lon-gitudinal profile, transverse profile, and crack information canTABLE 1 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Longitudinal ProfileChar
24、acteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute L Longitudinal ProfileVertical measurement Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.1 mm (0.004 in.)2 Greater than 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm (0.004 in. to0.008 in.)3 Greater than 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm (0.008 in. to0.020 in.)4 Greater than 0.5 mm (0.
25、20 in.)Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 25 mm (1 in.)2 Greater than 25 mm to 150 mm (1 in. to 6 in.)3 Greater than 150 mm to 300 mm (6 in. to 12 in.)4 Greater than 300 mm (12 in.)Transverse sampling Number of profiles per pass1 3 or more profiles2 2 profiles3 1 profileTransverse
26、 coverage NAANAAANot applicable.TABLE 2 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Transverse ProfileCharacteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute T Transverse ProfileVertical measurement Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.1 mm (0.004 in.)2 Greater than 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm (0.004 in. to
27、0.008 in.)3 Greater than 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm (0.008 in. to0.020 in.)4 Greater than 0.5 mm (0.20 in.)Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 300 mm (1 ft)2 Greaterthan300mmto3m(1ftto10ft)3 Greaterthan3mto30m(10ftto100ft)4 Greater than 30 m (100 ft)Transverse sampling Interval1 Less than or
28、 equal to 25 mm (1 in.)2 Greater than 25 mm to 100 mm (1 in. to 4 in.)3 Greater than 100 mm to 300 mm (4 in. to 12 in.)4 Greater than 300 mm to 600 mm (12 in. to 24 in.)5 Greater than 600 mm (24 in.)Transverse coverage Width1 Greater than 3.7 m (12 ft)2 Greaterthan2.7mto3.7m(9ftto12ft)3 Greaterthan1
29、8mto2.7m(6ftto9ft)4 Less than or equal to 1.8 m (6 ft)TABLE 3 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Cracking ofPavement SurfacesCharacteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute C Cracking of Pavement SurfaceCrack width Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm (0.02 in.)2 Greater t
30、han 0.50 mm to 1.0 mm (0.02 in. to 0.0in.)3 Greater than 1.0 mm to 3 mm (0.04 in. to 0.12 in.)4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm(0.12in.to0.20in.)5 Greater than 5 mm (0.20 in.)Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm (0.02 in.)2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1 mm (0.02 in. to 0.04in.)3 Greaterthan
31、1mmto3mm(0.04in.to0.12in.)4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm(0.12in.to0.20in.)5 Greater than 5 mm (0.20 in.)Transverse sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm (0.02 in.)2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1 mm (0.02 in. to 0.04in.)3 Greaterthan1mmto3mm(0.04in.to0.12in.)4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm(0.12in.to0.20in.)5 Gre
32、ater than 5 mm (0.20 in.)Transverse coverage Width1 Greater than 3.7 m (12 ft)2 Greaterthan2.7mto3.7m(9ftto12ft)3 Greaterthan1.8mto2.7m(6ftto9ft)4 Less than or equal to 1.8 m (6 ft)E1656062contribute to understanding pavement performance. The appro-priate measurement level depends on the application
33、6.2 Longitudinal ProfileApplications of longitudinal pro-file data include the following:6.2.1 Computing roughness statistics such as InternationalRoughness Index (IRI) and ride quality statistics such as RideNumber,6.2.2 Estimating road user costs,6.2.3 Modeling roughness so that future roughness
34、can bepredicted,6.2.4 Identifying probable causes of pavement deteriorationfrom the nature of the elevation and wave band spectra,6.2.5 Estimating the effect of pavement maintenance andrehabilitation on roughness and ride quality,6.2.6 Estimating material quantity for overlay treatments,and6.2.7 Pro
35、viding a reference to determine construction quan-tities such as areas warranting grinding, leveling to correctgrade and longitudinal profile, and milling requirements atfaulted joints and cracks.6.3 Transverse ProfileApplications for transverse profiledata include the following:6.3.1 Computing rut
36、depth,6.3.2 Modeling rut depth to predict future rut depth,6.3.3 Using the shape of the transverse profile to indicate thecause of rutting, and6.3.4 Estimating material quantities for overlays and cor-recting rutting.6.4 Cracking of Pavement SurfacesApplications for crackwidth data include the follo
37、wing:6.4.1 Estimating pavement cracking distress or condition,6.4.2 Estimating the quantity of crack seal material, and6.4.3 Prediction of future cracking distress.7. Procedure7.1 Stationary Repeatability PrecisionFor the purposes ofdetermining the measurement classification codes specified inSectio
38、n 5, this precision shall be the d2s deviation (as specifiedin Terminology E 456) determined from a series of repeatedmeasurements of the attribute being measured as follows:7.1.1 Longitudinal Profile Sensors(1) With the equipmentstationary, place a flat level plate under each longitudinalprofile se
39、nsor. (2) Switch on the sensor(s), record the sensorreading(s), and switch off the sensor(s). All sensors may bemonitored at the same time. Perform this measurement cycle10 times without adjustment of the instrumentation. (3) Nor-malize the measurements of a sensor by subtracting the meanvalue of th
40、e 10 readings from each reading. (4) Place acalibration block 25 6 0.01 mm (1.0 6 0.04 in.) thick on theplate beneath the sensor. (5) Perform the measurements tentimes in the same manner as (2) and normalize the values as in(3). (6) Determine the standard deviation of the 20 normalizedmeasurements p
41、erformed for each sensor. Determine the d2svalue for each sensor as 2.83 times the standard deviation ofthe measurements. Determine the stationary repeatability pre-cision as the average of the d2s values for all longitudinalprofile sensors.7.1.2 Transverse Profile SensorsFor each transverse pro-fil
42、e sensor, repeat the procedure described in 7.1.1 to determinethe stationary repeatability precision for all transverse profilesensors.7.1.3 Cracking Sensors.(1) With the equipment stationary,place a flat smooth plate, which is at least 50 % larger than thesensed area in each dimension and has no su
43、rface discontinui-ties greater than 0.01 mm (0.004 in.) in width or 0.01 mm(0.004 in.) in depth, beneath each cracking sensor. (2) Switchon the crack sensor(s), record the sensor reading(s), and switchoff the sensor(s). Perform the measurement ten times. Allsensors may be measured at the same time.
44、3) Normalize themeasurements by subtracting the mean value of the tenreadings from each reading. (4) Place a flat smooth platehaving the same horizontal dimensions as the plate in (1), athickness of 20 mm (0.75 in.), and a linear slot 3 6 0.05 mm(0.125 6 0.02 in.) wide and 15 mm (0.6 in.) deep trav
45、ersing thefull width of the plate, beneath each cracking sensor. (5)Perform ten measurements in the same manner as specified in(2) and normalize them as in (3). (6) Rotate the plate specifiedin (4) through 90, and repeat the measurements specified in(1). (7) Determine the standard deviation of the 3
46、0 measure-ments performed for each sensor. Determine the d2s value foreach sensor as 2.83 times the standard deviation of themeasurements. Determine the stationary repeatability precisionas the average of the d2s values for all cracking sensors.7.2 Dynamic Intermediate PrecisionWith the equipmentmov
47、ing at normal operating speed, make ten repeat measure-ments at an identified pavement location using all sensors. Thebeginning and end of each test section shall be marked so thatthey are identified in the data. This may be done either bymanual or automated means. Normalize the measurements bysubtr
48、acting the mean value recorded for each sensor from eachreading of that sensor. Perform similar sets of measurements ata total of three locations with conditions of the measuredcharacteristics representing the range of conditions to beexpected under normal operations. Calculate the d2s values foreac
49、h sensor from all normalized measurements from thatsensor. Determine the dynamic intermediate precision for themeasurement of this characteristic as the average of the d2svalues for all sensors.8. Precision and Bias8.1 The stationary repeatability precision, determined inaccordance with 7.1, shall be used to determine the classifica-tion of equipment in accordance with Section 5.8.2 Since there is no accepted reference method for deter-mining the bias of the equipment in this guide for measuringpavement attributes, no statement on bias is being made.9. Keyword
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