1、Designation: E 1682 05Standard Guide forModeling the Colorimetric Properties of a Visual DisplayUnit1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1682; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides directions and mathematical models for deriving the relationship betweendigital settings in a computer-cont
3、rolled visual display unit and the resulting photometric andcolorimetric output of the display unit. The accurate determination of this relationship is critical to thegoal of accurate, device-independent color simulation on a visual display unit.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for use in establis
4、hing theoperating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), suchas a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define therelationship between the digital information supplied by acomputer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectralradiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The ma
5、thematicaldescription of this relationship can be used to provide a nearbydevice-independent model for the accurate display of color andcolored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus valuesreferred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.1.2 This sta
6、ndard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
7、ASTM Standards:2E 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 1336 Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data froma Visual Display Unit by SpectroradiometryE 1455 Practice for Obtaining Colorimetric Data from aVisual Display Unit Using Tristimulus Colorimeters3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of appearance terms in
8、 Terminology E 284are applicable to this guide.3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 CRT, nan abbreviation for the term cathode raytube, a device for projecting a stream of electrons onto aphosphor-coated screen in such a way as to display charactersand graphics.3.2.2 DAC, nan abbreviation for the term digital to anal
9、ogconverter, a device for accepting a digital computer bit patternand translating it into an analog voltage of a prescribed value.3.2.3 LUT, nan abbreviation for the term look up table, aprocess in which input and output values are mapped in ann-dimensional table such that, for a given input value,
10、theappropriate output value is “looked-up” from the table.3.2.4 VDU, nan abbreviation for the term visual displayunit, a device interfaced to a computer for displaying text andgraphics.3.2.4.1 DiscussionA CRT is one type of VDU.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Every color stimulus generated on a VDU is realiz
11、ed bythe linear (additive) superposition of the spectral power distri-bution of three primaries. Test Method E 1336 describes howto measure the spectral power distributions and reduce them toCIE tristimulus values. Practice E 1455 describes how tomeasure the CIE tristimulus values of the primaries d
12、irectly.An exact characterization of the VDU would require measure-ment of the spectral power distribution at all possible combi-nations of primary settings. Modern, computer-controlledVDUs will provide 256 or more levels of each of the threeprimaries. This results in more than 16 777 000 unique set
13、-tings, which is far too many combinations to be measuredpractically (see Note 1). Instead, a characteristic function1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.06 onAppearanceof Displays.Current edition appr
14、oved Jan. 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1682 96 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
15、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.relating the radiant output of the screen to the digital inputsfrom the computer must be derived. Procedures are out
16、lined forderiving a characteristic function for a computer-controlledVDU, using a minimum number of spectral radiometric mea-surements while maintaining near optimum accuracy. Ex-amples of deriving and testing such models are given inAppendix X1.NOTE 1Different primary settings do not necessarily pr
17、oduce percep-tibly different colors. For VDUs with a large number (for example,16 777 000) of different primary settings, the number of perceptiblydifferent colors will be less than the number of primary settings.5. Significance and Use5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect ofthe re
18、production of colored images. The VDU is often used asthe design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed intothe computer by some sort of capture device, such as a cameraor scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on toa printer or color separation generator, or even to a paintdisp
19、enser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is tohave some well-defined relationship to the original. The mostcommon medium for establishing the relationship betweeninput, edit, and output color (device-independent color space)is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the proce-d
20、ures for deriving a model that relates the digital computersettings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the coloredlight emitted by the primaries.6. Models6.1 The models are based on eight basic assumptions. First,at each pixel location on the VDU, the radiant exitance(emitted light per unit a
21、rea) attributable to one primary type(red, green, or blue) is invariant with the radiant exitances ofthe other primary types. Second, the radiance exitance at onespatial location is invariant with the radiant exitance at otherspatial locations. Third, the relative spectral radiant exitance ofa prima
22、ry is invariant with excitation level. Fourth, there is nointer-reflection of light between pixel locations. Fifth, theoutput of the digital-to-analog conversion process is linear.Sixth, there is no ambient glare (flare) from the screen into theobservers eyes. Seventh, the refresh rate of the image
23、is rapidenough to produce temporal fusion (no noticeable flicker) forthe normal observer. Eighth, the pixel pitch is fine enough toproduce spatial fusion for the normal observer. Each of theeight basic assumptions should be tested and either verified,noted, or corrected before deriving a characteris
24、tic model.6.1.1 Assumption 1, independence of the primaries, is testedby measuring the radiometric output at several levels, asdescribed by Cowan and Rowell.3If the departures are small,they may be neglected or a LUT correction applied. If thedepartures are significant and maximum reproduction accur
25、acyis required, only a full table look-up method can be used tocreate the RGB to XYZ transform.6.1.2 Assumption 2, spatial invariance, can be tested bymeasuring the center of a dark display and then repeating themeasurements with pixels near the edge of the display illumi-nated fully. The display ma
26、y have to be considered unusablefor critical applications if this assumption is not met. Theamount of spectral variance will be a function of both positionand intensity of both the area of interest and the integrated areaof pollution. While such models can be derived, they may betoo complex to justi
27、fy their use.6.1.3 Assumption 3, level invariance, is tested by measuringthe chromaticity of a primary at several different levels. Itshould be noted that care must be taken to maintain the signalto noise value of the color measuring instrument as theluminance of the primary is reduced. As the signa
28、l level of acolorimeter approaches the optical/electrical zero, the apparentchromaticity approaches that of neutral black.6.1.4 Assumption 4, absence of inter-reflections, is oftenviolated on CRT-type displays without high efficiency antire-flection (HEA) coatings on the face plate gloss.This is det
29、ectedin the same manner as spatial invariance. Again, models forthis can be derived, but the complexity may not be worth theeffort.6.1.5 Assumption 5, linearity of the DAC, can be tested witha calibrated, high-precision oscilloscope. A doubling of thedigital counts should produce a doubling of the o
30、utput signal.It should be noted that RS-170 voltage levels are from 0.286V to +0.714 V with the range from 0 V to 0.714 V being usedfor signal level and 0 V to 0.286 V being used for synchro-nization during the blanking interval on a CRT-type display.Other types of visual display units may have thei
31、r own uniquevoltage ranges as well. In general, the setting of the drivevoltage requires the simultaneous alignment of many opera-tional parameters, the specification of which are beyond thescope of this guide. It is assumed that the signal generator andthe receiver are adjusted to be within their u
32、nique operationalspecifications before the linearity test is performed.6.1.6 Assumption 6, ambient glare, can be tested with atelephotometer, measuring the luminance and chroma of eachprimary in a dark and ambient environment. If the two readingsdiffer by an unacceptable amount, either the display m
33、ust beoutfitted with light shields or its operation restricted to a darkenvironment.6.1.7 Assumption 7, flicker rate, is a function of the displayelectronics and display type. Chromatic flicker ceases atfrequencies above 30 Hz. Brightness flicker ceases for mostpeople above 60 Hz, although some peop
34、le continue toexperience the sensation of flicker up to 70 Hz. Most moderngraphics displays operate at refresh rates above 60 Hz. Broad-cast displays may operate at rates as low as 30 Hz. Low-ratedisplay electronics interfaced to a high-rate display may resultin an unacceptable appearance.6.1.8 Assu
35、mption 8, pixel density, is a characteristic of thedisplay and a function of the application.Alow-density displaymay be adequate for displaying solid patches of color but notfor detailed drawings or renderings.6.2 Examples of using the LUT method are also given inthis guide for completeness. There a
36、re three possible ap-proaches to modeling the relationship between the digitalcounts and the VDU tristimulus values. The first requires theuser to adjust the video gain and offset manually such that the3Cowan, W. B., and Rowell, N., “On the Gun Independence and PhosphorConstancy of Colour Video Moni
37、tors,” Color Research and Application, Vol 11,1986, pp. S35S38.E1682052black level and the offset cancel each other.The second methodtries to approximate the gain and offset by trial and error. Thethird method, the one used most commonly commercially,ignores the physical origins of the signals and c
38、ollects mea-surements of the VDU output at a large number of points,sampling each primary channel between the minimum andmaximum counts. The unmeasured data values are determinedby interpolation, and a LUT is formed such that all possiblecombinations of primary settings can be found in the table. Th
39、erecommended procedure in this guide conforms most closely tothe second method, using statistical methods to determine theoptimum parametric values for the gain, offset, and gamma ofeach primary while requiring the smallest number of calibra-tion patches.This, then, linearizes the output of the syst
40、em, anda linear transformation is applied to convert the linear RGBprimary values to CIE tristimulus values.6.3 The model parameters for the red primary are related tothe operational variables as follows:Ml,r5 Ml,r,max Fkg,rSdr2N2 1D1 ko,rGg(1)where:Ml,r= the spectral exitance of the (r)ed primary,M
41、l,r,max= the maximum spectral exitance of the (r)edprimary,dr= the digital setting of the (r)ed primary,2N 1 = the number of digital states generated by thedisplay driver,kg,r= the system (g)ain coefficient for the (r)edprimary,ko,r= the system (o)ffset coefficient for the (r)edprimary, andg = the s
42、ystem gamma coefficient.Similar expressions can be derived for the green and blueprimaries.6.3.1 Following the procedures given in Test MethodE 1336, the spectroradiometer will measure the spectral radi-ance (Ll) of an extended diffuse source, such as a VDU. Thespectral radiance is related to the sp
43、ectral exitance as follows:Ll5Mlp(2)6.3.2 The radiance for each primary can be described asfollows:Ll,r5 RLl,r,max, Ll,g5 GLl,g,max, Ll,b5 BLl,b,maxThe scalars R, G, and B can be thought of as the displaytristimulus values. From Test Method E 1336, we obtain therelationship between the measured spec
44、tral radiance and theCIE tristimulus values, in luminance units as follows:Xr5 683*360830Ll,rxldl5683R*360830Ll,r,maxxldl (3)Yr5 683*360830Ll,ryldl5683R*360830Ll,r,maxyldlZr5 683*360830Ll,rzldl5683R*360830Ll,r,maxzldl6.3.3 The linear superposition of the red, green, and bluetristimulus values yield
45、the following:X 5 683*360830Ll,r1 Ll,g1 Ll,b! xldl5 RXr,max1 GXg,max1 BXb,max(4)Y 5 683*360830Ll,r1 Ll,g1 Ll,b! yldl5 RYr,max1 GYg,max1 BYb,maxZ 5 683*360830Ll,r1 Ll,g1 Ll,b! zldl5 RZr,max1 GZg,max1 BZb,maxIn matrix notation, these equations can be reduced to thefollowing:FXYZG5FXr,maxXg,maxXb,maxYr
46、,maxYg,maxYb,maxZr,maxZg,maxZb,maxGFRGBG(5)where R, G, and B are defined as follows:R 5FmaxHkg,rSdr2n21D1 ko,r,0JGg(6)G 5FmaxHkg,gSdg2n21D1 ko,g,0JGgB 5FmaxHkg,bSdb2n21D1 ko,b,0JGgBeing linear, Eq 5 can be solved for R, G, B. Thus theinverse is given, in matrix notation, as follows:FRGBG5FXr,maxXg,m
47、axXb,maxYr,maxYg,maxYb,maxZr,maxZg,maxZb,maxG21FXYZG(7)and in like manner,dr5 S2n2 1kg,rDR1g2 ko,r! for 0# R #1 (8)dg5 S2n2 1kg,gDG1g2 ko,g! for 0# G #1db5 S2n2 1kg,bDB1g2 ko,b! for 0# B #17. Procedure7.1 Analytical Method:7.1.1 Once the display unit is warmed up and stabilized, it isnecessary to di
48、splay the test patches over a constant neutralbackground of approximately 18 % of the maximum lumi-nance. Measure the color of the patches following the proce-dures contained inTest Method E 1336 or Practice E 1455.Thecalculated or measured tristimulus values are used to estimatethe optimum set of v
49、alues for the model parameters and thecoefficients of the XYZ to RGB conversion matrix. The patchesshould be as small as practical and distributed in a square orhexagonal pattern. Readings from each of the patches will beaveraged together to constitute a measurement. Display thefollowing sets of patches and measure with at least five neutralpatches, (dr=dg=db) with DAC settings of 32, 96, 128, 192,and 255, the three primaries at maximum DAC setting (255 foreight-bit display drivers). An alternate set of patches would beeight to sixteen patches (16, 32, 48, 6
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