1、Designation: E 1688 00a (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forDetermination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioac-cumulation of sed
3、iment-associated contaminants by infaunalinvertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments area major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles,such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (Kow) (for example, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) and
4、dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)and many heavy metals. The accumulation of chemicals intowhole or bedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather thansuspended sediments) reduces their direct bioavailability topelagic organisms but increases the exposure of benthic organ-isms. Feeding of pelagic
5、 organisms on benthic prey canreintroduce sediment-associated contaminants into pelagicfood webs. The bioaccumulation of sediment-associated con-taminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore resultin ecological impacts on benthic and pelagic communities andhuman health from the consumption
6、of contaminated shellfishor pelagic fish.1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunalorganisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sedimentswill be discussed. The procedures are designed to generatequantitative estimates of steady-state tissue residues becausedata from bioaccumulation tes
7、ts are often used in ecological orhuman health risk assessments. Eighty percent of steady-stateis used as the general criterion. Because the results from asingle or few species are often extrapolated to other species,the procedures are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated contaminant
8、s so that residues in untested species arenot underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure withsediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food isrecommended as the standard single sampling procedure.Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for usewhen 80 % of steady-stat
9、e will not be obtained within 28 daysor when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residuesare required. The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposuresand different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 daysmay be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable(that is, bioaccumulati
10、on potential) or for testing species thatdo not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certainChironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiringsupplementary food may be used if the goal is to determineuptake in these particular species because of their importancein ecological or human
11、 health risk assessments. However, theresults from such species should not be extrapolated to otherspecies.1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, andmuch of this guide is based on techniques used in successfulstudies and expert opinion rather than experimental compari-sons of differe
12、nt techniques. Also, relatively few marine/estuarine (for example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (forexample, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, andprimarily neutral organic compounds provide a substantialportion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless, sufficientprogress has been made i
13、n conducting experiments and under-standing the factors regulating sediment bioavailability toestablish general guidelines for sediment bioaccumulationtests.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:Scope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Apparatu
14、s 7Safety Precautions 8Overlying Water 9Sediment 10Test Organisms 11Experimental Design 12Procedure 13Analytical Methodology 14Interpretation of Data 15KeywordsAnnexesAnnex A1. Additional Methods for Predicting BioaccumulationAnnex A2. Determining the Number of ReplicatesAnnex A3. Adequacy of 10-Day
15、 and 28-Day ExposuresAnnex A4. Alternative Test DesignsAnnex A5. Calculation of Time to Steady-State1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.03 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Cur
16、rent edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallypublished in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1688 00a.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
17、8-2959, United States.Annex A6. Special Purpose Exposure ChambersAnnex A7. Additional Techniques to Correct for Gut SedimentAnnex A8. Bioaccumulation Testing with Lumbriculus variega-tusReferences1.5 Field-collected sediments may contain toxic materials,including pathogens, and should be treated wit
18、h caution tominimize exposure to workers. Worker safety must also beconsidered when using laboratory-dosed sediments containingtoxic compounds.1.6 This guide may involve the use of non-indigenous testspecies. The accidental establishment of non-indigenous spe-cies has resulted in substantial harm to
19、 both estuarine andfreshwater ecosystems. Adequate precautions must thereforebe taken against the accidental release of any non-indigenoustest species or associated flora or fauna.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of
20、 thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 8.2. Refer
21、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates3E 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-iansE 943 Terminology Relating
22、 to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1022 Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests withFishes and Saltwater Bivalve MollusksE 1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine andMarine InvertebratesE 1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxici
23、ty Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates4E 1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebratesE 1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sedi-mentsE 1706 Test Method for Me
24、asuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Inver-tebratesSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standardfor Use of the International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 Federal Document:CFR, Title 21, Food and Drugs, Chapter I Food and DrugAdministration,
25、 Department of Health and Human Ser-vices, Part 177, Indirect Food Additives: Polymers5CFR, Title 49, Transportation Chapter 1 Research andSpecial Programs Administration, Department of Trans-portation Parts 100177, Subchapter AHazardous Ma-terials Transportation, Oil Transportation and PipelineSafe
26、ty, Subchapter BOil Transportation and SubchapterCHazardous Materials Regulation53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that thetest needs
27、to be designed to satisfy the specified conditions,unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.“Must” is used only in connection with the factors that relatedirectly to the acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to statethat the specified conditions are recommended and ought to b
28、emet in most tests. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, violation of several will often renderresults questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is oftendesirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connectionwith less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (
29、are)allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus, the classicdistinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might”is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide
30、E 729 and Terminologies D 1129 and E 943. For anexplanation of units and symbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alphasee Type I error.3.2.2 apparent steady-statesee steady-state.3.2.3 bedded sedimentsee whole sediment.3.2.4 betasee Type II
31、 error.3.2.5 bioaccumulationthe net accumulation of a sub-stance by an organism as a result of uptake from all environ-mental sources.3.2.6 bioaccumulation factor (BAF)the ratio of tissueresidue to sediment contaminant concentration at steady-state.3.2.7 bioaccumulation potentiala qualitative assess
32、mentof whether a contaminant in a particular sediment is bioavail-able.3.2.8 bioconcentrationthe net assimilation of a substanceby an aquatic organism as a result of uptake directly fromaqueous solution.3.2.9 bioconcentration factor (BCF)the ratio of tissueresidue to water contaminant concentration
33、at steady-state.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Withdrawn.5Available from Superin
34、tendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.E 1688 00a (2007)23.2.10 biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) theratio of lipid-normalized tissue residue to organic carbon-normalized sediment contaminant concentration at steady state,with units of g-carbon/g-lipid.3.2
35、11 blocka group of homogeneous experimental units.3.2.12 coeffcient of variation (CV)a standardized vari-ance term; the standard deviation (SD) divided by the meanand expressed as a percent.3.2.13 comparison-wise errora Type I error applied to thesingle comparison of two means. Contrast with experi
36、ment-wise error.3.2.14 compositingthe combining of separate tissue orsediment samples into a single sample.3.2.15 control sedimentsediment containing no or verylow levels of contaminants. Control sediments should ideallycontain only unavoidable “global” levels of contaminants.Contrast with reference
37、 sediment.3.2.16 degradationmetabolic breakdown of the contami-nant by a test species.3.2.17 depurationloss of a substance from an organism asa result of any active (for example, metabolic breakdown) orpassive process when the organism is placed into an uncon-taminated environment. Contrast with eli
38、mination.3.2.18 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) a commonenvironmental contaminant. Metabolites include dichlo-rodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenylethyl-ene (DDE).3.2.19 redox potential (Eh)a measure of the oxidationstate of a sediment.3.2.20 eliminationa general term for the los
39、s of a sub-stance from an organism that occurs by any active or passivemeans. The term is applicable in either a contaminated envi-ronment (for example, occurring simultaneously with uptake)or a clean environment. Contrast with depuration.3.2.21 equilibrium partitioning bioaccumulation modelabioaccu
40、mulation model based on equilibrium partitioning of aneutral organic among organism lipids and sediment carbon.3.2.22 experiment-wise erroraType I error (alpha) chosensuch that the probability of making any Type I error in a seriesof tests is alpha. Contrast with comparison-wise error.3.2.23 experim
41、ental errorvariation among experimentalunits given the same treatment.3.2.24 experimental unitan organism or organisms towhich one trial of a single treatment is applied.3.2.25 finesthe silt-clay fraction of a sediment.3.2.26 gut purgingvoiding of sediment contained in thegut.3.2.27 hydrophobic cont
42、aminantslow-contaminant watersolubility with a high Kowand usually a strong tendency tobioaccumulate.3.2.28 interstitial waterwater within a wet sediment thatsurrounds the sediment particles.3.2.29 kinetic bioaccumulation modelany model that usesuptake or elimination rates, or both, to predict tissu
43、e residues.3.2.30 long-term uptake testsbioaccumulation tests withan exposure period greater than 28 days.3.2.31 metabolismsee degradation.3.2.32 minimum detectable differencethe smallest (abso-lute) difference between two means that is distinguishablestatistically.3.2.33 multiple comparisonsthe sta
44、tistical comparison ofseveral treatments simultaneously, such as with Analysis ofVariance (ANOVA).3.2.34 no further degradationan approach by which atissue concentration is deemed acceptable if it is not greaterthan the tissue concentration at a reference site.3.2.35 pairwise comparisonsthe statisti
45、cal comparison oftwo treatments. Contrast with multiple comparisons.3.2.36 powerthe probability of detecting a differencebetween the treatment and control means when a true differ-ence exists.3.2.37 pseudoreplicationthe incorrect assignment of rep-licates, often due to a biased assignment of replica
46、tes.3.2.38 reference sedimenta sediment similar to the testsediment in physical and chemical characteristics and notcontaminated by the particular contaminant source under study(for example, dredge material, discharge, and non-point run-off). A reference sediment should ideally contain only back-gro
47、und levels of contaminants characteristic of the region.Contrast with control sediment.3.2.39 replicationthe assignment of a treatment to morethan one experimental unit.3.2.40 sampling unitthe fraction of the experimental unitthat is to be used to measure the treatment effect.3.2.41 standard referen
48、ce sedimenta standardized sedi-ment and contaminant used to estimate the variability due tovariation in the test organisms.3.2.42 steady-statea “constant” tissue residue resultingfrom the balance of the flux of compound into and out of theorganism, determined operationally by no statistical differen
49、cein three consecutive sampling periods.3.2.43 total carbon (TC)this value includes organic andinorganic carbon.3.2.44 test sedimentthe sediment or dredge material ofconcern.3.2.45 test treatmenttreatment that is compared to thecontrol or reference treatment. It may consist of either a testsediment (compared to a reference or control sediment) or areference sediment (compared to the control sediment).3.2.46 thermodynamic partitioning bioaccumulationmodelsee equilibrium partitioning bioaccumulation model.3.2.47 tissue residuesthe co
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