1、Designation: E1688 10Standard Guide forDetermination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioac-cumulation of sediment-associated conta
3、minants by infaunalinvertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments area major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles,such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (Kow) (for example, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichl
4、oroethane (DDT)and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole orbedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather than suspendedsediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organ-isms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms. Feedingof pelagic organisms on benthic prey c
5、an reintroduce sediment-associated contaminants into pelagic food webs. The bioaccu-mulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impactson benthic and pelagic communities and human health from theconsumption of contaminated shellfish
6、or pelagic fish.1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunalorganisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sedimentscontaining organic or metal contaminates will be discussed.The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimatesof steady-state tissue residues because data from bio
7、accumu-lation tests are often used in ecological or human health riskassessments. Eighty percent of steady-state is used as thegeneral criterion. Because the results from a single or fewspecies are often extrapolated to other species, the proceduresare designed to maximize exposure to sediment-assoc
8、iatedcontaminants so that residues in untested species are notunderestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure withsediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food isrecommended as the standard single sampling procedure.Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for usewhen 80
9、% of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 daysor when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residuesare required. The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposuresand different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 daysmay be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable(that i
10、s, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species thatdo not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certainChironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiringsupplementary food may be used if the goal is to determineuptake in these particular species because of their importancein eco
11、logical or human health risk assessments. However, theresults from such species should not be extrapolated to otherspecies.1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, andmuch of this guide is based on techniques used in successfulstudies and expert opinion rather than experimental compari
12、-sons of different techniques. Also, relatively few marine/estuarine (for example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (forexample, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, andprimarily neutral organic compounds provide a substantialportion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless, sufficientprogress
13、 has been made in conducting experiments and under-standing the factors regulating sediment bioavailability toestablish general guidelines for sediment bioaccumulationtests.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:Scope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interfe
14、rences 6Apparatus 7Safety Precautions 8Overlying Water 9Sediment 10Test Organisms 11Experimental Design 12Procedure 13Analytical Methodology 14Data Analysis and Interpretation 15KeywordsAnnexesAdditional Methods for Predicting Bioaccumulation Annex A1Determining the Number of Replicates Annex A2Adeq
15、uacy of 10-Day and 28-Day Exposures Annex A3Alternative Test Designs Annex A4Calculation of Time to Steady-State Annex A5Special Purpose Exposure Chambers Annex A6Additional Techniques to Correct for Gut Sediment Annex A7Bioaccumulation Testing with Lumbriculus variegatus Annex A81This guide is unde
16、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.03 on Sediment Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originallypublished in 1995. Last previous edition approved i
17、n 2000 as E1688 00a. DOI:10.1520/E1688-10.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.References1.5 Field-collected sediments may contain toxic materials,including
18、 pathogens, and should be treated with caution tominimize exposure to workers. Worker safety must also beconsidered when using laboratory-dosed sediments containingtoxic compounds.1.6 This guide may involve the use of non-indigenous testspecies. The accidental establishment of non-indigenous spe-cie
19、s has resulted in substantial harm to both estuarine andfreshwater ecosystems. Adequate precautions must thereforebe taken against the accidental release of any non-indigenoustest species or associated flora or fauna.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of
20、measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
21、 limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates3E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests o
22、n TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-iansE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1022 Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests withFishes and Saltwater Bivalve MollusksE1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contami
23、nants with Estuarine andMarine InvertebratesE1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates4E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebrate
24、sE1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sedi-mentsE1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity ofSediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Inver-tebratesSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standardfor Use of the International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 Fed
25、eral Document:CFR, Title 21, Food and Drugs, Chapter I Food and DrugAdministration, Department of Health and Human Ser-vices, Part 177, Indirect Food Additives: Polymers5CFR, Title 49, Transportation Chapter 1 Research andSpecial Programs Administration, Department of Trans-portation Parts 100177, S
26、ubchapter AHazardous Ma-terials Transportation, Oil Transportation and PipelineSafety, Subchapter BOil Transportation and SubchapterCHazardous Materials Regulation53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “ can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Mu
27、st” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that thetest needs to be designed to satisfy the specified conditions,unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.“Must” is used only in connection with the factors that relatedirectly to the acceptability of the test. “
28、Should” is used to statethat the specified conditions are recommended and ought to bemet in most tests. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, violation of several will often renderresults questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is oftendesirable,” and “might be desir
29、able” are used in connectionwith less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus, the classicdistinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym for ei
30、ther “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E729 and Terminologies D1129 and E943. For anexplanation of units and symbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 .3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acid volatile sulfide (AVS)sedimentary reduc
31、ed sul-fide phase associated with metal partitioning.3.2.2 alphasee Type I error.3.2.3 apparent steady-statesee steady-state.3.2.4 bedded sedimentsee whole sediment.3.2.5 betasee Type II error.3.2.6 bioaccumulationthe net accumulation of a sub-stance by an organism as a result of uptake from all env
32、iron-mental sources.3.2.7 bioaccumulation factor (BAF)the ratio of tissueresidue to sediment contaminant concentration at steady-state.3.2.8 bioaccumulation potentiala qualitative assessmentof whether a contaminant in a particular sediment is bioavail-able.3.2.9 bioconcentrationthe net assimilation
33、of a substanceby an aquatic organism as a result of uptake directly fromaqueous solution.3.2.10 bioconcentration factor (BCF)the ratio of tissueresidue to water contaminant concentration at steady-state.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
34、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standa
35、rd is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.E1688 1023.2.11 biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) theratio of lipid-normalized tissue residue to organic carbon-normalized sediment contaminant concentration at s
36、teady state,with units of g-carbon/g-lipid.3.2.12 black carbon (BC)type of environmental carbonformed during the incomplete oxidation of organic substances(for example, fossil fuels, biomass). May consist of phasessuch as soot, charcoal, tar, and coal. Certain forms have highaffinity for hydrophibic
37、 contaminants and can reduce thebioavailability of some contaminants.3.2.13 blocka group of homogeneous experimental units.3.2.14 coeffcient of variation (CV)a standardized vari-ance term; the standard deviation (SD) divided by the meanand expressed as a percent.3.2.15 comparison-wise errora Type I
38、error applied to thesingle comparison of two means. Contrast with experiment-wise error.3.2.16 compositingthe combining of separate tissue orsediment samples into a single sample.3.2.17 control sedimentsediment containing no or verylow levels of contaminants. Control sediments should ideallycontain
39、only unavoidable “global” levels of contaminants.Contrast with reference sediment.3.2.18 degradationbiochemical breakdown of the con-taminant by a test species.3.2.19 depurationloss of a substance from an organism asa result of any active (for example, metabolic breakdown) orpassive process when the
40、 organism is placed into an uncon-taminated environment. Contrast with elimination.3.2.20 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) a commonenvironmental contaminant. Metabolites include dichlo-rodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenylethyl-ene (DDE).3.2.21 dissolved organic carbon (DOC)type o
41、f organiccarbon soluble in aqueous solutions. Particulate and dissolvedorganic carbon are the primary organic carbon components inaquatic systems3.2.22 Eh (redox potential)a measure of the oxidationstate of a sediment relative to the hydrogen half-cell reaction.3.2.23 eliminationa general term for t
42、he loss of a sub-stance from an organism that occurs by any active or passivemeans. The term is applicable in either a contaminated envi-ronment (for example, occurring simultaneously with uptake)or a clean environment. Contrast with depuration.3.2.24 equilibrium partitioning (EqP) bioaccumulationmo
43、dela bioaccumulation model based on equilibrium parti-tioning of a neutral organic between organism lipids andsediment carbon.3.2.25 experiment-wise erroraType I error (alpha) chosensuch that the probability of making any Type I error in a seriesof tests is alpha. Contrast with comparison-wise error
44、.3.2.26 experimental errorvariation among replicate ex-perimental units.3.2.27 experimental unitan organism or organisms towhich one trial of a single treatment is applied.3.2.28 finesthe silt-clay fraction of a sediment.3.2.29 gut purgingvoiding of sediment contained in thegut.3.2.30 hydrophobic co
45、ntaminantslow-contaminant watersolubility with a high Kowand usually a strong tendency tobioaccumulate.3.2.31 interstitial waterwater within a wet sediment thatsurrounds the sediment particles.3.2.32 kinetic bioaccumulation modelany model that usesuptake or elimination rates, or both, to predict tis
46、sue residues.3.2.33 long-term uptake testsbioaccumulation tests withan exposure period greater than 28 days.3.2.34 metabolismsee degradation.3.2.35 minimum detectable differencethe smallest (abso-lute) difference between two means that is distinguishablestatistically.3.2.36 multiple comparisonsthe s
47、tatistical comparison ofseveral treatments simultaneously.3.2.37 no further degradationan approach by which atissue concentration is deemed acceptable if it is not greaterthan the tissue concentration at a reference site.3.2.38 organic carbon (OC)type of environmental carbonresulting from the diagen
48、esis of organic substances (for ex-ample, plant and animal matter).3.2.39 pairwise comparisonsthe statistical comparison oftwo treatments. Contrast with multiple comparisons.3.2.40 powerthe probability of detecting a differencebetween the treatment and control means when a true differ-ence exists.3.
49、2.41 pseudoreplicationthe incorrect assignment of rep-licates, often due to a biased assignment of replicates.3.2.42 reference sedimenta sediment similar to the testsediment in physical and chemical characteristics and notcontaminated by the particular contaminant source under study(for example, dredge material, discharge, and non-point run-off). A reference sediment should ideally contain only back-ground levels of contaminants characteristic of the region.Contrast with control sediment.3.2.43 replicationthe assignment of a treatment
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