1、Designation: E1711 95 (Reapproved 2008)E1711 12Standard Guide forMeasurement of Behavior During Fish Toxicity Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1711; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers some general information on methods for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the behaviora
3、lresponses of fish during standard laboratory toxicity tests to measure the sublethal effects of exposure to chemical substances. Thisguide is meant to be an adjunct to toxicity tests and should not interfere with those test procedures.1.2 Behavioral toxicosis occurs when chemical or other stressful
4、 conditions, such as changes in water quality or temperature,induce a behavioral change that exceeds the normal range of variability (1). Behavior includes all of the observable, recordable,or measurable activities of a living organism and reflects genetic, neurobiological, physiological, and enviro
5、nmental determinants(2).1.3 Behavioral methods can be used in biomonitoring, in the determination of no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effectconcentrations, and in the prediction of hazardous chemical impacts on natural populations (3).1.4 The behavioral methods described in this guide include
6、locomotory activity, feeding, and social responses, which are criticalto the survival of fish (4).1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:Section NumberScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Safety Precautions 7Responses Measured 8Test Organism
7、s 9Facility 10Qualitative Behavioral Assessment Method 11Quantitative Behavioral Measurements 12Experimental Design 13Calculation of Test Results 14Report 151.6 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses arefor information o
8、nly.mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate saf
9、ety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. While some safety considerations are included in this guide, it is beyond the scope of this guide toencompass all safety requirements necessary to conduct behavioral toxicity tests. Specific hazards state
10、ments are given in Section7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:21 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fateand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E47.01 onAquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Feb. 1,
11、 2008Dec. 1, 2012. Published September 2003February 2013. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20032008as E1711 95(2003)(2008).1 . DOI: 10.1520/E1711-95R08.10.1520/E1711-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service
12、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous ve
13、rsion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Internati
14、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope HardnessE729 Guide for Conducting Acute
15、Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE1023 Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their UsesE1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with FishesE1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Freshwat
16、er Invertebrates3 (Withdrawn 1995)E1604 Guide for Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and “might” have very specific meanings. “Must” is used toexpress an absolute requirement, that is, to state that the test ought to be desi
17、gned to satisfy the specified condition, unless thepurpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” is used only in connection with the factors that relate directly to theacceptability of the test. “Should” is used to state that the specified condition is recommended and ought to be met if po
18、ssible.Although the violation of one “should” is rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often render the results questionable.Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connection with less important factors.“May” is used to mean “is (are) al
19、lowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “could possibly.”Thus the classic distinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym for either “may” or“can.”3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aggressive beh
20、aviorbehavioral reactions made in response to a conspecific resulting in the repulsion of individuals.Aggressive social behaviors include reactions of approaches; displays of coloration, posture, or body movements; bodily contact;or biting that results in the retreat of the responding conspecific or
21、 in the initiation of similar responses.3.2.2 feeding behaviora response resulting in the consumption of material, including orientation and movement toward thematerial, sucking or striking motions directed at the material, capture by mouth, spiting or holding, and swallowing of the material.3.2.3 l
22、ocomotory behaviorneuromuscular responses that result in movement of the fishs body or a portion of the body inspace to cause a change in position or orientation in space, as well as reflexive movements of body parts.3.2.4 schooling or shoaling behaviorresponses of social attraction that reflect a t
23、endency to remain in the vicinity of aconspecific.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide is intended to describe behavioral methods that can be applied during routine bioassays. Qualitative behavioralassessment procedures are intended to provide limited behavioral characterizations that require minimal f
24、acility modifications,equipment, or training and are inexpensive to conduct. Quantitative behavioral assessments are more rigorous measurements ofbehavior and are intended for laboratories that have an interest in behavioral testing and can provide limited modifications offacilities and conventional
25、 video recording equipment and limited staff training.4.1.1 Qualitative behavioral screening of spontaneous behavioral activity provides a broad view of toxicant effects duringexposure to contaminants.Abnormal behavioral responses observed among fish are documented on a daily basis using a behaviora
26、lchecklist that includes categories of responses such as lack of feeding, lethargic or frenzied activity, abnormal swimmingmovements or postures, and lack of response or hyperreactivity to external stimuli (5). The behavioral aberrations are based onthe absence of response and on obvious differences
27、 from the response of untreated fish. Although no attempt is made to quantifythe magnitude of response, the consistent observation of response over time provides a quantitative measurement of the response.Early detection of behavioral abnormalities may warrant quantitative measures of specific behav
28、ioral patterns.4.2 Quantitative measurements of locomotory, feeding, and social behaviors of fish can be conducted during standard laboratoryexposures, including static, flow-through, sediment, and food exposures from direct observation or overhead video recordings todetermine the effects of subleth
29、al exposure (6). These behavioral responses are highly sensitive to sublethal exposure and arerelevant to survival (7). Data are obtained to determine the effects of toxic substances on behavior from short (for example, 96 h)or long-term (partial to full life cycle) exposures.5. Significance and Use
30、5.1 Protection of a species requires the prevention of detrimental effects of chemicals on the survival, growth, reproduction,health, and uses of individuals of that species. Behavioral toxicity tests provide information concerning the sublethal effects ofchemicals and signal the presence of toxic t
31、est substances.5.1.1 The locomotory, feeding, and social responses of fish are adaptive and essential to survival. Major changes in theseresponses may result in a diminished ability to survive, grow, avoid predation, or reproduce and cause significant changes in thenatural population (8). Fish behav
32、ioral responses are known to be highly sensitive to environmental variables as well as toxicsubstances.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.Withdrawn.E1711 1225.2 Results from behavioral toxicity tests may be useful for measuring injury resulting from
33、 the release of hazardous materials(9).5.3 Behavioral responses can also be qualitatively assessed in a systematic manner during toxicity tests to discern trends insublethal contaminant effects (5).5.4 The assessment of locomotory, feeding, and social behaviors is useful for monitoring effluents and
34、 sediments fromcontaminated field sites as well as for defining no-effect concentrations in the laboratory or under controlled field conditions. Suchbehavioral modifications provide an index of sublethal toxicity and also indicate the potential for subsequent mortality.5.5 Behavioral toxicity data c
35、an be used to predict the effects of exposure likely to occur in the natural environment (10).5.6 Results from behavioral toxicity tests might be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to aquaticorganisms. Such results might also be used when deriving water quality criteri
36、a for fish and aquatic invertebrate organisms.5.7 Results from behavioral toxicity tests can be used to compare the sensitivities of different species, the relative toxicity ofdifferent chemical substances on the same organism, or the effect of various environmental variables on the toxicity of a ch
37、emicalsubstance.5.8 Results of behavioral toxicity tests can be useful in guiding decisions regarding the extent of remedial action needed forcontaminated aquatic and terrestrial sites.5.9 The behavioral characteristics of a particular organism need to be understood and defined before a response can
38、 be used asa measure of toxicity (11). Swimming, feeding, and social behavior varies among species as well as among life stages within aspecies; the most effective test methods are therefore those tailored to a particular life stage of a single species. The range ofvariability of any behavioral resp
39、onse of unexposed organisms is influenced by genetic, experiential, physiological, andenvironmental factors. It is thus important to avoid selecting test organisms from populations that may vary in these factors.5.10 Results of behavioral toxicity tests will depend on the behavioral response measure
40、d, testing conditions, water quality,species, genetic strain, life stage, health, and condition of test organisms. The behavioral response may therefore be affected bythe test environment.5.11 No numerical value or range of values has been defined as the norm for swimming, feeding, or social behavio
41、r for any fish;the detection of abnormal activity is therefore based on comparisons of the responses of exposed fish, either with activity measuredduring a baseline or pre-exposure period or observations of fish under a control treatment (10).5.12 These measures are incorporated readily into standar
42、d toxicity test protocols, with minimal stress to the test organism.6. Interferences6.1 A number of factors can suppress, elicit, or alter locomotory, feeding, and social responses and thus influence behavioraltest results and complicate data interpretation. The following factors should be considere
43、d when measuring behavioral responsesduring toxicity tests:6.1.1 The pretest handling of test organisms resulting from collection, transfer, and maintenance of the culture environment canaffect the response observed during exposure to toxic substances.6.1.2 The health, nutritional state, and physica
44、l condition of the organism can influence the test.6.1.3 Behavioral responsiveness may vary by species, genetic strain, population, gender, and developmental stage of theorganism.6.1.4 Prior exposure to hazardous materials, environmental stresses, and pathogens can affect behavioral responses.6.1.5
45、Social status, such as the dominance or sex of the individuals tested, and experiential factors, such as prior experience withthe predator or prey species, can influence the behavioral response. Individuals tested in isolation may respond differently fromwhen tested in groups.6.1.6 Cyclical changes
46、(circadian, seasonal, annual, hormonal, and reproductive) in behavioral responses can occur.6.1.7 The behavioral response can be affected by the apparatus design and procedural sequence of the measurement method.6.1.8 Behavioral responses will vary according to the extent to which test organisms acc
47、limate to the physical variables of thetesting environment, including water quality, temperature, water flow, light, cover, and substrate, as well as their recovery fromhandling, acceptance of diet, and adjustment to novel testing chambers.6.1.9 It is very important to eliminate disturbances to the
48、test system, such as vibrations, slamming doors, casting shadows,abrupt changes in lighting, or water flow, that may frighten the fish or disrupt ongoing activity.6.1.10 Behavioral responses to toxic substances may subside over time.6.1.11 Precise, objective, operational definitions of behavioral en
49、dpoints measured during toxicity tests are required.6.1.12 Generally, excessive mortality among controls (see Guides E729 and E1241), high variability in the behavioral responseof controls, disease, or variation in water quality or experimental parameters beyond acceptable limits, and inconsistentvisualization of the organism are the basis for rejecting a behavioral test. The criteria for such limits will vary depending on thesubstance, species, and response being tested, as well as the objectives of the study. Guide E1604 should be consulted regardingthe acceptability of b
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