1、Designation: E1734 15E1734 16Standard Practice forRadioscopic Examination of Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings. Radioscopic examination of weldmentscan be found in E1416.1.2
3、This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor)for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be recorded for laterreview. This practice does not apply to fully aut
4、omated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potentiallimitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be giv
5、en to areas where geometry or partconfiguration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety con
6、cerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE54
7、3 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiologyE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of H
8、ole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE1416 Practice fo
9、r Radioscopic Examination of WeldmentsE1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic DataE1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination DataE1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in RadiologyE1742 Pra
10、ctice for Radiographic ExaminationE2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and RadioscopyE2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)E2903 Test Method for Measurement of the Effective Focal Spot
11、Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X andGamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2015July 1, 2016. Published July 2015August 2016.
12、 Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 asE1734 - 09.E173415. DOI: 10.1520/E1734-15.10.1520/E1734-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume infor
13、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately de
14、pict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
15、9428-2959. United States12.2 ASNT Standards:3ASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing2.3 Military National Aerospace Standard:NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of N
16、ondestructive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)42.4 Other Standards:.ISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Certification of NDT Personnel53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms applicable to this practice may be found in Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 The r
17、equirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory andconsistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be usedfor detecting volumetric discontinuities and den
18、sity variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamicaspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.5. Basis of Application5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier:5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation
19、If specified in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT)agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specifiedin the contractual agreement.5.1.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractual agreemen
20、t, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standardsuch as ANSI/ANST-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410 NAS-410, ISO 9712, or similar document and certified by the employer orce
21、rtifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractualagreement between the using parties.5.1.3 Recording MediaIf required, the recording media to be used shall be specified in accordance with the requirements ofSection 6.5.1.
22、4 Performance MeasurementsPerformance measurement shall be specified in accordance with the requirements of Section6.5.1.5 ProcedureProcedural requirements shall be specified in the contractual agreement.5.1.6 RecordsRecords shall be specified in the contractual agreement.6. Apparatus6.1 Success of
23、the radioscopic process depends on the overall system configuration and the selection of appropriate subsystemcomponents. Guidance on the selection of sub-system components and the overall system configuration is provided in Guide E1000and Practice E1255. Guidance on the initial Initial qualificatio
24、n and periodic re-qualification of the radioscopic system is providedin Practicerequired (see Section E14117.). The suitability of the radioscopic system shall be demonstrated by attainment of therequired image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein; unless otherwise sp
25、ecified by the cognizantengineering organization, the default image quality level shall be 22T.herein.6.2 Equipment:6.2.1 Radiation Source (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray)Selection of the appropriate source is dependent on variables regarding thecasting being examined, such as material composition and thickness
26、. Guidance on selection of the radiation source may be foundin Practice E1255 or Guides E94 and E1000.6.2.2 Manipulation SubsystemSelection of the appropriate manipulation system (where applicable) is dependent on variablessuch as the size and orientation of the object being examined and the range o
27、f motions, speed of travel, and smoothness of motion.Guidance on selection of the manipulation subsystem may be found in Practice E1255.6.2.3 Detector SubsystemSelection of the appropriate detection system is dependent on variables such as the material and sizeof the object being examined and the en
28、ergy and intensity of the radiation used for the examination. Guidance on selection of thedetector subsystem may be found in Guide E1000 or Practice E1255.3 Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4 Available
29、from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1250 Eye Street N.W., Washington, DC 20005.5 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1734 1626.2.
30、4 Image Processing SubsystemWhere agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, image processing systems maybe used for noise reduction through image integration or averaging, contrast enhancement, and other image processing operations.Users of digital image processing are cautioned to test im
31、age processing parameters thoroughly before use. For example, somespatial filter functions produce directional results and may suppress desired image information. Other spatial filters can introduceartifacts into the image.6.2.5 Image Display SubsystemSelection of the appropriate image display is cr
32、itical to the transfer of image information fromthe radioscopic system to the person making the accept-reject decision. The image display should be suitably sized and placed ina controlled environment with subdued lighting to maximize the transfer of image information to the radioscopic system opera
33、tor.6.2.6 CollimationSelection of appropriate collimation is dependent on the geometry of the object being examined. It isgenerally useful to select collimation to limit the primary radiation beam to the detector area or region of interest, whichever issmaller, thereby limiting scatter radiation in
34、order to improve radioscopic image quality.6.2.7 Filters and MaskingFilters and masking may be used to improve image quality by alleviating contrast reductions causedby low-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on the use of filters and masking is provided in Guide E94.6.3 Performance MeasurementRadi
35、oscopic examination system performance parameters must be determined initially andmonitored regularly to ensure consistent results. The best measure of total radioscopic examination system performance can bemade with the system in operation, using a test object similar to the test part under actual
36、operating conditions. This indicates theuse of an actual or simulated test object or calibration block containing actual or simulated features that must be detected reliably.Such a calibration block will provide a reliable indication of the radioscopic examination systems capabilities. Conventional
37、wireor plaque-type image quality indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in addition to, the simulated test object or calibrationblock. Performance measurement methods are subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopicexamination services.6.3.1 Performance Measureme
38、nt IntervalsSystem performance measurement techniques should be standardized so thatperformance measurement tests may be duplicated readily at specified intervals. Radioscopic examination performance should beevaluated at sufficiently frequent intervals, as may be agreed upon between the purchaser a
39、nd the supplier of radioscopicexamination services, in order to minimize the possibility of time-dependent performance variations.6.3.2 Measurement with IQIsSystem performance measurements using IQIs shall be in accordance with accepted industrystandards describing the use of IQIs. The IQIs should b
40、e placed on the radiation source side of the test object, as close as possibleto the region of interest. The use of wire IQIs should also take into account the fact that the radioscopic examination may exhibitasymmetrical sensitivity, in which case the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the
41、systems axis of least sensitivity.Selection of IQI thickness should be consistent with the test part radiation path length.6.3.3 Measurement With a Calibration BlockThe calibration block may be an actual test part with known features that arerepresentative of the range of features to be detected, or
42、 it may be fabricated to simulate the test object with a suitable range ofrepresentative features. Alternatively, the calibration block may be a one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference test objectcontaining known imperfections that have been verified independently. Calibration blocks containing kno
43、wn, natural defects areuseful on a single-task basis, but they are not universally applicable. A duplicate manufactured calibration block should be usedwhere standardization among two or more radioscopic examination systems is required. The calibration blocks should approximatethe test object as clo
44、sely as is practical, being made of the same material with similar dimensions and features in the radioscopicexamination region of interest. Manufactured calibration blocks shall include features at least as small as those that must bedetected reliably in the actual test object in locations where th
45、ey are expected to occur. It is permissible to produce the calibrationblock in sections where features are internal to the test object. Calibration block details are a matter of agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services.6.3.3.1 Use of a Calibration BlockThe
46、calibration block shall be placed in the radioscopic examination system in the sameposition as the actual test object. The calibration block may be manipulated through the same range of motions as are availablefor the actual test object so as to maximize the radioscopic examination systems response
47、to the simulated imperfections.6.3.3.2 Radioscopic Examination TechniquesTechniques used for the calibration block shall be identical to those used foractual examination of the test part. Technique parameters shall be listed and include, as a minimum, radiation beam energy,intensity, focal spot size
48、, enlargement, digital image processing parameters, manipulation scan plan, and scanning speed.6.3.4 Use of Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and Step WedgeAcalibrated line pair test pattern and step wedge may be used,if desired, to determine and track the radioscopic system performance in terms of
49、unsharpness and contrast sensitivity. The linepair test pattern is used without an additional absorber to evaluate system unsharpness (see Practices E1411 and E2002).The stepwedge is used to evaluate system contrast sensitivity (see Practice E1647).6.3.4.1 The step wedge must be made of the same material as the test part, with steps representing 100, 99, 98, 97, and 96 %of both the thickest and thinnest material sections to be examined. The thinner steps shall be adjacent to the 100 % thickness inorder to facilitate discerning the minimum visible thicknes
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