1、Designation: E1739 95 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Guide forRisk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum ReleaseSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe units of measurement were editorially revised in November 2010.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to risk-based correct
3、ive action (RBCA),which is a consistent decision-making process for the assess-ment and response to a petroleum release, based on theprotection of human health and the environment. Sites withpetroleum release vary greatly in terms of complexity, physicaland chemical characteristics, and in the risk
4、that they may poseto human health and the environment. The RBCA processrecognizes this diversity, and uses a tiered approach wherecorrective action activities are tailored to site-specific condi-tions and risks. While the RBCA process is not limited to aparticular class of compounds, this guide emph
5、asizes theapplication of RBCAto petroleum product releases through theuse of the examples. Ecological risk assessment, as discussedin this guide, is a qualitative evaluation of the actual orpotential impacts to environmental (nonhuman) receptors.There may be circumstances under which a more detailed
6、ecological risk assessment is necessary (see Ref (1).21.2 The decision process described in this guide integratesrisk and exposure assessment practices, as suggested by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),with site assessment activities and remedial measure selectionto ensure th
7、at the chosen action is protective of human healthand the environment.The following general sequence of eventsis prescribed in RBCA, once the process is triggered by thesuspicion or confirmation of petroleum release:1.2.1 Performance of a site assessment;1.2.2 Classification of the site by the urgen
8、cy of initialresponse;1.2.3 Implementation of an initial response action appropri-ate for the selected site classification;1.2.4 Comparison of concentrations of chemical(s) of con-cern at the site with Tier 1 Risk Based Screening Levels(RBSLs) given in a look-up table;1.2.5 Deciding whether further
9、tier evaluation is warranted,if implementation of interim remedial action is warranted or ifRBSLs may be applied as remediation target levels;1.2.6 Collection of additional site-specific information asnecessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.7 Development of site-specific target levels
10、 (SSTLs) andpoint(s) of compliance (Tier 2 evaluation);1.2.8 Comparison of the concentrations of chemical(s) ofconcern at the site with the Tier 2 evaluation SSTL at thedetermined point(s) of compliance or source area(s);1.2.9 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted,if implementation o
11、f interim remedial action is warranted, or ifTier 2 SSTLs may be applied as remediation target levels;1.2.10 Collection of additional site-specific information asnecessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.11 Development of SSTL and point(s) of compliance(Tier 3 evaluation);1.2.12 Compari
12、son of the concentrations of chemical(s) ofconcern at the site at the determined point(s) of compliance orsource area(s) with the Tier 3 evaluation SSTL; and1.2.13 Development of a remedial action plan to achieve theSSTL, as applicable.1.3 The guide is organized as follows:1.3.1 Section 2 lists refe
13、renced documents,1.3.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide,1.3.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of thisguide,1.3.4 Section 5 is a summary of the tiered approach,1.3.5 Section 6 presents the RBCA procedures in a step-by-step process,1.3.6 Appendix X1 details physical/chemic
14、al and toxico-logical characteristics of petroleum products,1.3.7 Appendix X2 discusses the derivation of a Tier 1RBSL Look-Up Table and provides an example,1.3.8 Appendix X3 describes the uses of predictive model-ing relative to the RBCA process,1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committe
15、e E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallypublished as ES 38 94. Last previous edition E1739 95 (2002). DOI: 10.1520/
16、E1739-95R10.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.3.9 Appendix X4 discusses considerations for institutionalcontrols, and1.3.10
17、Appendix X5 provides examples of RBCA applica-tions.1.4 This guide describes an approach for RBCA. It isintended to compliment but not supersede federal, state, andlocal regulations. Federal, state, or local agency approval maybe required to implement the processes outlined in this guide.1.5 The val
18、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
19、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1599 Guide for CorrectiveAction for Petroleum Releases42.2 NFPA Standard:NFPA 329 Handling Underground Releases of Flammableand Combustible Liquids53. Termino
20、logy3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 active remediationactions taken to reduce the con-centrations of chemical(s) of concern. Active remediationcould be implemented when the no-further-action and passiveremediation courses of action are not appropriate.3.1.2 attenuationthe re
21、duction in concentrations ofchemical(s) of concern in the environment with distance andtime due to processes such as diffusion, dispersion, absorption,chemical degradation, biodegradation, and so forth.3.1.3 chemical(s) of concernspecific constituents that areidentified for evaluation in the risk as
22、sessment process.3.1.4 corrective actionthe sequence of actions that in-clude site assessment, interim remedial action, remedial action,operation and maintenance of equipment, monitoring ofprogress, and termination of the remedial action.3.1.5 direct exposure pathwaysan exposure pathwaywhere the poi
23、nt of exposure is at the source, without a releaseto any other medium.3.1.6 ecological assessmenta qualitative appraisal of theactual or potential effects of chemical(s) of concern on plantsand animals other than people and domestic species.3.1.7 engineering controlsmodifications to a site or facil-
24、ity (for example, slurry walls, capping, and point of use watertreatment) to reduce or eliminate the potential for exposure toa chemical(s) of concern.3.1.8 exposurecontact of an organism with chemical(s) ofconcern at the exchange boundaries (for example, skin, lungs,and liver) and available for abs
25、orption.3.1.9 exposure assessmentthe determination or estimation(qualitative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency, du-ration, and route of exposure.3.1.10 exposure pathwaythe course a chemical(s) of con-cern takes from the source area(s) to an exposed organism. Anexposure pathway describes a
26、 unique mechanism by which anindividual or population is exposed to a chemical(s) of concernoriginating from a site. Each exposure pathway includes asource or release from a source, a point of exposure, and anexposure route. If the exposure point differs from the source, atransport/exposure medium (
27、for example, air) or media also isincluded.3.1.11 exposure routethe manner in which a chemical(s)of concern comes in contact with an organism (for example,ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact).3.1.12 facilitythe property containing the source of thechemical(s) of concern where a release has occ
28、urred.3.1.13 hazard indexthe sum of two or more hazardquotients for multiple chemical(s) of concern or multipleexposure pathways, or both.3.1.14 hazard quotientsthe ratio of the level of exposureof a chemical(s) of concern over a specified time period to areference dose for that chemical(s) of conce
29、rn derived for asimilar exposure period.3.1.15 incremental carcinogenic risk levelsthe potentialfor incremental carcinogenic human health effects due toexposure to the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.16 indirect exposure pathwaysan exposure pathwaywith at least one intermediate release to any media betwe
30、en thesource and the point(s) of exposure (for example, chemicals ofconcern from soil through ground water to the point(s) ofexposure).3.1.17 institutional controlsthe restriction on use or ac-cess (for example, fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning)to a site or facility to eliminate or mini
31、mize potential exposureto a chemical(s) of concern.3.1.18 interim remedial actionthe course of action tomitigate fire and safety hazards and to prevent further migra-tion of hydrocarbons in their vapor, dissolved, or liquid phase.3.1.19 maximum contaminant level (MCL)a standard fordrinking water est
32、ablished by USEPA under the Safe DrinkingWater Act, which is the maximum permissible level of chemi-cal(s) of concern in water that is delivered to any user of apublic water supply.3.1.20 Monte Carlo simulationa procedure to estimate thevalue and uncertainty of the result of a calculation when there
33、sult depends on a number of factors, each of which is alsouncertain.3.1.21 natural biodegradationthe reduction in concentra-tion of chemical(s) of concern through naturally occurringmicrobial activity.3.1.22 petroleumincluding crude oil or any fractionthereof that is liquid at standard conditions of
34、 temperature andpressure (15.5C and 10 335.6 kg/m2). The term includespetroleum-based substances comprised of a complex blend of3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
35、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E1739 95 (2010)
36、12hydrocarbons derived from crude oil through processes ofseparation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motorfuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils.3.1.23 point(s) of compliancea location(s) selected be-tween the source area(s) and the potential point(s) of exposu
37、rewhere concentrations of chemical(s) of concern must be at orbelow the determined target levels in media (for example,ground water, soil, or air).3.1.24 point(s) of exposurethe point(s) at which an indi-vidual or population may come in contact with a chemical(s) ofconcern originating from a site.3.
38、1.25 qualitative risk analysisa nonnumeric evaluationof a site to determine potential exposure pathways and recep-tors based on known or readily available information.3.1.26 reasonable maximum exposure (RME)the highestexposure that is reasonably expected to occur at a site. RMEsare estimated for ind
39、ividual pathways or a combination ofexposure pathways.3.1.27 reasonable potential exposure scenario a situationwith a credible chance of occurence where a receptor maybecome directly or indirectly exposed to the chemical(s) ofconcern without considering extreme or essentially impossiblecircumstances
40、.3.1.28 reasonably anticipated future usefuture use of asite or facility that can be predicted with a high degree ofcertainty given current use, local government planning, andzoning.3.1.29 receptorspersons, structures, utilities, surface wa-ters, and water supply wells that are or may be adverselyaf
41、fected by a release.3.1.30 reference dosea preferred toxicity value for evalu-ating potential noncarcinogenic effects in humans resultingfrom exposure to a chemical(s) of concern.3.1.31 remediation/remedial actionactivities conducted toprotect human health, safety, and the environment. Theseactiviti
42、es include evaluating risk, making no-further-actiondeterminations, monitoring institutional controls, engineeringcontrols, and designing and operating cleanup equipment.3.1.32 risk assessmentan analysis of the potential foradverse health effects caused by a chemical(s) of concern froma site to dete
43、rmine the need for remedial action or thedevelopment of target levels where remedial action is required.3.1.33 risk reductionthe lowering or elimination of thelevel of risk posed to human health or the environment throughinterim remedial action, remedial action, or institutional orengineering contro
44、ls.3.1.34 risk-based screening level/screening levels(RBSLs)risk-based site-specific corrective action target lev-els for chemical(s) of concern developed under the Tier 1evaluation.3.1.35 sitethe area(s) defined by the extent of migrationof the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.36 site assessmentan evalua
45、tion of subsurface geol-ogy, hydrology, and surface characteristics to determine if arelease has occurred, the levels of the chemical(s) of concern,and the extent of the migration of the chemical(s) of concern.The site assessment collects data on ground water quality andpotential receptors and gener
46、ates information to support reme-dial action decisions.3.1.37 site classificationa qualitative evaluation of a sitebased on known or readily available information to identify theneed for interim remedial actions and further informationgathering. Site classification is intended to specifically priori
47、-tize sites.3.1.38 site-specific target level (SSTL)risk-based remedialaction target level for chemical(s) of concern developed for aparticular site under the Tier 2 and Tier 3 evaluations.3.1.39 site-specificactivities, information, and dataunique to a particular site.3.1.40 source area(s)either th
48、e location of liquid hydro-carbons or the location of highest soil and ground waterconcentrations of the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.41 target levelsnumeric values or other performancecriteria that are protective of human health, safety, and theenvironment.3.1.42 Tier 1 evaluationa risk-based analysi
49、s to developnon-site-specific values for direct and indirect exposure path-ways utilizing conservative exposure factors and fate andtransport for potential pathways and various property usecategories (for example, residential, commercial, and industrialuses). Values established under Tier 1 will apply to all sites thatfall into a particular category.3.1.43 Tier 2 evaluationa risk-based analysis applying thedirect exposure values established under a Tier 1 evaluation atthe point(s) of exposure developed for a specific site anddevelop
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