1、Designation: E 1806 96 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forSampling Steel and Iron for Determination of ChemicalComposition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel,both cast and wrought, and all types (grades)
3、 of cast irons andblast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determi-nation of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.SectionsRequirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation 6General 6.1Sample 6.2Selection of a Sample 6.3
4、Preparation of a Sample 6.4Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production 7General 7.1Spoon Sampling 7.2Probe Sampling 7.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 7.4Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production 8General 8.1Spoon Sampling 8.2Probe Sampling 8.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 8.4Sampling
5、 and Sample Preparation for the Determination of 8.5Oxygen and HydrogenLiquid Steel for Steel Production 9General 9.1Probe Sampling 9.2Spoon Sampling 9.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 9.4Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.5of OxygenSampling and Sample Preparation for the D
6、etermination 9.6of HydrogenPig Irons 10General 10.1Increment Sampling 10.2Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 10.3Cast Iron Products 11General 11.1Sampling and Sample Preparation 11.2Steel Products 12General 12.1Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.2Analysis from a Cast ProductSelect
7、ion of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.3Analysis from a Wrought ProductPreparation of a Sample for Analysis 12.4Sampling of Leaded Steel 12.5Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.6of OxygenSampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.7of HydrogenKeywords 13Annex
8、esSampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel Annex A1Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the Annex A2Determination of Hydrogen1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
9、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 For specific precautions, see 6.4.3.5, 9.4.4.3, and12.5.1.1 as well as Section 5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 48/A 48M Specification for Gray Iron Cast
10、ingsA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsE 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE 415 Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectro-metric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy SteelE 1010 Practice for Pre
11、paration of Disk Specimens of Steeland Iron for Spectrochemical Analysis by Remelting2.2 ISO Documents:ISO 9147 Pig ironsDefinition and classification3ISO 14284 Steel and ironSampling and preparation of1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for Metals,
12、Ores and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1806 96 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
13、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10
14、036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.samples for the determination of chemical composition33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this practice,refer to Terminology E 135.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
15、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 cast product, nitem of iron or steel which has notbeen subject to deformation, for example, an ingot, a semifinished product obtained by continuous casting, or a shapedcasting.3.2.2 consignment, nquantity of metal delivered at onetime.3.2.3 grinding, nmethod of preparing
16、a sample of metalfor a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surfaceof the sample for analysis is abraded using an abrasive wheel.3.2.4 increment, nin sampling, a portion of materialremoved from a lot by a single operation.3.2.5 linishing, nmethod of preparing a sample of metalfor a spectr
17、ochemical method of analysis in which the surfaceof the sample for analysis is abraded using a rotating disk orcontinuous belt coated with an abrasive substance.3.2.6 lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regardedas a unit. See Specification A 48/A 48M.3.2.7 melt, nliquid metal from which a sa
18、mple is re-moved.3.2.8 sampling, immersion, nmethod of probe samplingin which the probe is immersed in the melt where the samplechamber in the probe fills by ferrostatic pressure or gravity.3.2.9 sample, probe, nsample taken from the melt using asampling probe.3.2.10 sampling, probe, nmethod in whic
19、h the sample istaken using a sampling probe inserted into the melt.3.2.11 sample product, nspecific item of iron or steelselected from a supplied quantity for the purpose of obtaininga sample.3.2.12 sample, spoon, nsample taken from the melt usinga spoon and cast into a small mold.3.2.13 sampling, s
20、poon, nmethod in which the sample istaken from the melt, or during the pouring of the melt, using along-handled spoon and cast into a small mold.3.2.14 sampling, stream, nmethod of probe sampling inwhich the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid metal wherethe sample chamber in the probe fills b
21、y force of metal flow.3.2.15 sampling, suction, nmethod of probe sampling inwhich the probe is inserted into the melt where the samplechamber in the probe fills by aspiration.3.2.16 test portion, npart of the sample for analysis, orpart of the sample taken from the melt, actually analyzed. Incertain
22、 cases, the test portion may be selected from the sampleproduct itself.3.2.17 thermal method of analysis, nmethod for the de-termination of chemical composition in which the sample issubmitted to a process of heating, combustion, or fusion.3.2.18 wrought product, nitem of steel which has beensubject
23、 to deformation by rolling, drawing, forging, or someother method, for example, a bar, billet, plate, strip, tube, orwire.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and prepar-ing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in TestMethods, Practices, and Definitions
24、A 751 and SpecificationA 48/A 48M. Such subjects as sampling location and thesampling of lots are defined.4.2 It is intended that this practice include most require-ments for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standardanalytical methods that reference this practice need containonly special modifi
25、cations and exceptions.4.3 It is assumed that all who use these procedures will betrained samplers capable of performing common samplingoperations skillfully and safely. It is expected that only propersampling equipment will be used.5. Hazards and Safety Precautions5.1 Provide personal protective eq
26、uipment to minimize therisk of injury during sampling and sample preparation meth-ods. Provisions shall include protective clothing, hand protec-tion, and face visors resistant to splashes of liquid metal for useduring the sampling of liquid metal; protective clothing andhand, eye, and hearing prote
27、ction for use during the samplingand sample preparation of solid metal; and respiratory protec-tion for use where necessary.5.2 The use of machinery for sampling and sample prepa-ration shall be in accordance with appropriate national stan-dards. Grinding operations used for surface preparation may
28、becovered by national legislation.5.3 Reference should be made to appropriate national regu-lations with respect to the use of solvents for the cleaning anddrying of samples and test portions.6. Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation6.1 General:6.1.1 This section describes the general requ
29、irements for thesample and for the sampling and sample preparation of ironand steel. Special requirements apply to each category of liquidand solid metal, and these requirements are described in therelevant section.6.1.2 The sequence of sampling and sample preparation ofliquid iron and steel and cas
30、t iron and steel products is shownin Fig. 1. Special considerations apply to pig irons (see Section10).6.2 Sample:6.2.1 Quality:6.2.1.1 Sampling practices shall be designed to provide ananalytical sample that is representative of the mean chemicalcomposition of the melt or of the sample product.6.2.
31、1.2 Ensure that the sample is sufficiently homogeneouswith respect to chemical composition so that inhomogeneitydoes not appreciably contribute to the error variability of themethod of analysis. In the case of a sample taken from a melt,however, some variability in analysis, both within and betweens
32、amples for analysis, may be unavoidable. This variability willform an inherent part of the repeatability and reproducibility ofthe analysis.6.2.1.3 Ensure that the sample is free from surface coatingsand from moisture, dirt, or other forms of contamination.E 1806 96 (2006)26.2.1.4 The sample should
33、be free from voids, cracks, andporosity, and from fins, laps, or other surface defects.6.2.1.5 Take particular care when selecting and preparingthe sample where a sample taken from a melt is expected to beheterogeneous or contaminated in any way.6.2.1.6 A sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in
34、sucha manner that the chemical composition and metallurgicalstructure of the sample is consistent from sample to sample.6.2.1.7 It is important to recognize that analysis by somespectrochemical methods may be influenced by the metallur-gical structure of the sample, particularly in the case of irons
35、with white and grey iron structures, and steels in the as-castand wrought conditions.6.2.2 Size:6.2.2.1 Ensure that the dimensions of a laboratory sample inthe form of a solid mass are sufficient to permit additionalsamples for analysis to be taken for reanalysis when necessaryusing an alternative m
36、ethod of analysis.6.2.2.2 A sample shall be prepared consisting of a sufficientmass to provide for any reanalysis necessary. Generally, a massof 100 g will be sufficient for a sample in the form of chips orpowder.6.2.2.3 The dimensional requirements for a sample in theform of a solid mass will depen
37、d upon the method selected foranalysis. In the case of optical emission and X-ray fluorescencespectrometric methods, the shape and size of the sample will bedetermined by the dimensions of the sample chamber. Thedimensions for samples given in this practice are for guidanceonly. Refer to Test Method
38、 E 415 for sample size requirementsfor optical emission spectrometry.6.2.3 Identification:6.2.3.1 Assign the sample a unique identification to deter-mine the melt or sample product from which it was taken, andif necessary, the process conditions of the melt or the locationof the laboratory sample in
39、 the sample product. For pig iron,FIG. 1 Sequence of Sampling and Sample Preparation of (a) Liquid Iron and Steel and (b) Cast Iron and Steel ProductsE 1806 96 (2006)3this shall identify the consignment or part of a consignment andthe increment from which it was taken.6.2.3.2 Use labeling or some eq
40、uivalent method of markingto ensure that the assigned identification remains associatedwith the sample for analysis.6.2.3.3 Record the identification, status, and condition of thesample to ensure that confusion cannot arise as to the identityof the item to which the analysis and records refer.6.2.4
41、Conservation:6.2.4.1 Provide adequate storage facilities to segregate andprotect the sample. During and after preparation, store thesample in a manner which prevents contamination or chemicalchange.6.2.4.2 Keep the sample, or the laboratory sample in theform of a solid mass, for a sufficient period
42、of time to permitretesting if necessary.6.2.5 Arbitration:6.2.5.1 Samples intended for arbitration shall be preparedjointly by the supplier and purchaser or by their representa-tives. Keep a record of the methods used for preparing samples.6.2.5.2 Both parties or their representatives seal container
43、swith the samples intended for arbitration. Unless agreed to thecontrary, the representatives of each party responsible for thepreparation of samples will keep these containers.6.3 Selection of a Sample:6.3.1 Sample from a Melt:6.3.1.1 Melts are sampled at various stages in the manufac-turing proces
44、s for the purposes of monitoring and controllingthe process. Samples can be taken during the casting of themelt to verify chemical composition in accordance with thespecification of the cast product. In the case of liquid metalintended for the production of a casting, the analytical samplemay be sel
45、ected from test bars or blocks specially cast from thesame metal as that of the casting for purposes of mechanicaltesting in accordance with the product standard.6.3.1.2 Sampling practices shall be designed for melts toprovide samples during a particular manufacturing process inaccordance with requi
46、rements for sample quality (see 6.2.1).The sample obtained from a melt usually is in the form of asmall ingot, a cylindrical or rectangular block, or a chill-castdisk or a combination of a disk with one or more attached pins,in some cases small lugs are attached to a disk sample.NOTE 1Sampling probe
47、s for use with liquid iron and steel may beobtained from a number of suppliers. The main features of the differenttypes of probe are distinguished in Annex A1 and Annex A2, whichinclude dimensions for information only.6.3.2 Sample from a Product:6.3.2.1 The laboratory sample can be selected from the
48、sample product at the location indicated in the product speci-fication for the selection of material for mechanical testingwhen available.6.3.2.2 In the case of an iron casting, the sample can beselected from a bar or block cast-on to the casting.6.3.2.3 In the case of a forging, the sample can be s
49、electedfrom the initial starting material from which the forging hasbeen made or from prolongations of the forging or fromadditional forgings.6.3.2.4 In the absence of requirements given in the productstandard or of a specification when ordering the product, thesample may, following agreement between the supplier and thepurchaser, be selected from the sample for mechanical testingor from the test piece, or directly from the sample product.6.3.2.5 The laboratory sample can be obtained from thesample product by machining or by using a cutting torch.Special consi
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