1、Designation: E1806 09 (Reapproved 2016)E1806 18Standard Practice forSampling Steel and Iron for Determination of ChemicalComposition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel, both cast and wrought, and all types (g
3、rades) of cast irons and blastfurnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determination of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.SectionsRequirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation 6General 6.1Sample 6.2Selection of a Sampl
4、e 6.3Preparation of a Sample 6.4Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production 7General 7.1Spoon Sampling 7.2Probe Sampling 7.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 7.4Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production 8General 8.1Spoon Sampling 8.2Probe Sampling 8.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 8.4Sam
5、pling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of 8.5Oxygen and HydrogenLiquid Steel for Steel Production 9General 9.1Probe Sampling 9.2Spoon Sampling 9.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 9.4Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.5of OxygenSampling and Sample Preparation for
6、the Determination 9.6of HydrogenPig Irons 10General 10.1Increment Sampling 10.2Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 10.3Cast Iron Products 11General 11.1Sampling and Sample Preparation 11.2SectionsSteel Products 12General 12.1Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.2Analysis from a Cast
7、Product1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016March 15, 2018. Published March 2016April
8、 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20092016 asE1806 09.E1806 09 (2016). DOI: 10.1520/E1806-09R16.10.1520/E1806-18.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
9、previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright AST
10、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.3Analysis from a Wrought ProductPreparation of a Sample for Analysis 12.4Sampling of Leaded Steel 12.5Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Deter
11、mination 12.6of OxygenSampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.7of HydrogenKeywords 13AnnexesSampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel Annex A1Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the Annex A2Determination of Hydrogen1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regar
12、ded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvir
13、onmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific statements, see 6.4.3.5, 9.4.4.3, and 12.5.1 as well as Section 5.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablishe
14、d in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A48/A48M Specification for Gray Iron CastingsA751 Test Methods, Prac
15、tices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE415 Test Method for Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel by Spark Atomic Emission SpectrometryE1010 Practice for Preparation of Disk Specimens of
16、Steel and Iron by Remelting for Spectrochemical Analysis2.2 ISO Documents:ISO 9147 Pig ironsDefinition and classification3ISO 14284 Steel and ironSampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical composition33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this practice,
17、refer to Terminology E135.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cast product, nitem of iron or steel which has not been subject to deformation, for example, an ingot, a semi finishedproduct obtained by continuous casting, or a shaped casting.3.2.2 consignment, nquantity of metal d
18、elivered at one time.3.2.3 grinding, nmethod of preparing a sample of metal for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface of thesample for analysis is abraded using an abrasive wheel.3.2.4 increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removed from a lot by a single operation.3.2.4 l
19、inishing, nmethod of preparing a sample of metal for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface of thesample for analysis is abraded using a rotating disk or continuous belt coated with an abrasive substance.3.2.6 lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit (see Spe
20、cification A48/A48M).3.2.5 melt, nliquid metal from which a sample is removed.3.2.6 sample, probe, nsample taken from the melt using a sampling probe.3.2.7 sample, product, nspecific item of iron or steel selected from a supplied quantity for the purpose of obtaining a sample.3.2.8 sample, spoon, ns
21、ample taken from the melt using a spoon and cast into a small mold.3.2.9 sampling, immersion, nmethod of probe sampling in which the probe is immersed in the melt where the sample chamberin the probe fills by ferrostatic pressure or gravity.3.2.10 sampling, probe, nmethod in which the sample is take
22、n using a sampling probe inserted into the melt.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available f
23、rom American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.E1806 1823.2.11 sampling, spoon, nmethod in which the sample is taken from the melt, or during the pouring of the melt, using along-handled spoon and cast into a small mold.3.2.12 samp
24、ling, stream, nmethod of probe sampling in which the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid metal where thesample chamber in the probe fills by force of metal flow.3.2.13 sampling, suction, nmethod of probe sampling in which the probe is inserted into the melt where the sample chamberin the probe
25、 fills by aspiration.3.2.14 test portion, npart of the sample for analysis, or part of the sample taken from the melt, actually analyzed.3.2.14.1 DiscussionIn certain cases, the test portion may be selected from the sample product itself.3.2.15 thermal method of analysis, nmethod for the determinati
26、on of chemical composition in which the sample is submittedto a process of heating, combustion, or fusion.3.2.16 wrought product, nitem of steel which has been subject to deformation by rolling, drawing, forging, or some othermethod, for example, a bar, billet, plate, strip, tube, or wire.4. Signifi
27、cance and Use4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and preparing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test Methods,Practices, and Definitions A751 and Specification A48/A48M. Such subjects as sampling location and the sampling of lots aredefined.4.2 It is intended that this
28、practice include most requirements for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard analyticalmethods that reference this practice need contain only special modifications and exceptions.4.3 It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained samplers capable of performing common sampli
29、ng operationsskillfully and safely. It is expected that only proper sampling equipment will be used.5. Hazards and Safety Precautions5.1 Provide personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of injury during sampling and sample preparation methods.Provisions shall include protective clothing, h
30、and protection, and face visors resistant to splashes of liquid metal for use duringthe sampling of liquid metal; protective clothing and hand, eye, and hearing protection for use during the sampling and samplepreparation of solid metal; and respiratory protection for use where necessary.5.2 The use
31、 of machinery for sampling and sample preparation shall be in accordance with appropriate national standards.Grinding operations used for surface preparation may be covered by national legislation.5.3 Reference should be made to appropriate national regulations with respect to the use of solvents fo
32、r the cleaning and dryingof samples and test portions.6. Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation6.1 General:6.1.1 This section describes the general requirements for the sample and for the sampling and sample preparation of iron andsteel. Special requirements apply to each category of liqui
33、d and solid metal, and these requirements are described in the relevantsection.6.1.2 The sequence of sampling and sample preparation of liquid iron and steel and cast iron and steel products is shown in Fig.1. Special considerations apply to pig irons (see Section 10).6.2 Sample:6.2.1 Quality:6.2.1.
34、1 Sampling practices shall be designed to provide an analytical sample that is representative of the mean chemicalcomposition of the melt or of the sample product.6.2.1.2 Ensure that the sample is sufficiently homogeneous with respect to chemical composition so that inhomogeneity doesnot appreciably
35、 contribute to the error variability of the method of analysis. In the case of a sample taken from a melt, however,some variability in analysis, both within and between samples for analysis, may be unavoidable. This variability will form aninherent part of the repeatability and reproducibility of th
36、e analysis.6.2.1.3 Ensure that the sample is free from surface coatings and from moisture, dirt, or other forms of contamination.6.2.1.4 The sample should be free from voids, cracks, and porosity and from fins, laps, or other surface defects.6.2.1.5 Take particular care when selecting and preparing
37、the sample where a sample taken from a melt is expected to beheterogeneous or contaminated in any way.E1806 1836.2.1.6 A sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in such a manner that the chemical composition and metallurgical structureof the sample is consistent from sample to sample.6.2.1.7 It is
38、important to recognize that analysis by some spectrochemical methods may be influenced by the metallurgicalstructure of the sample, particularly in the case of irons with white and grey iron structures, and steels in the as-cast and wroughtconditions.6.2.2 Size:6.2.2.1 Ensure that the dimensions of
39、a laboratory sample in the form of a solid mass are sufficient to permit additional samplesfor analysis to be taken for reanalysis when necessary using an alternative method of analysis.6.2.2.2 A sample shall be prepared consisting of a sufficient mass to provide for any reanalysis necessary. Genera
40、lly, a mass of100 g will be sufficient for a sample in the form of chips or powder.6.2.2.3 The dimensional requirements for a sample in the form of a solid mass will depend upon the method selected foranalysis. In the case of atomic emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric methods, the shape an
41、d size of the sample will bedetermined by the dimensions of the sample chamber. The dimensions for samples given in this practice are for guidance only.Refer to Test Method E415 for sample size requirements for atomic emission spectrometry.6.2.3 Identification:FIG. 1 Sequence of Sampling and Sample
42、Preparation of (a) Liquid Iron and Steel and (b) Cast Iron and Steel ProductsE1806 1846.2.3.1 Assign the sample a unique identification to determine the melt or sample product from which it was taken, and ifnecessary, the process conditions of the melt or the location of the laboratory sample in the
43、 sample product. For pig iron, this shallidentify the consignment or part of a consignment and the increment from which it was taken.6.2.3.2 Use labeling or some equivalent method of marking to ensure that the assigned identification remains associated withthe sample for analysis.6.2.3.3 Record the
44、identification of the sample to ensure that confusion cannot arise as to the identity of the item to which theanalysis and records refer.6.2.4 Conservation:6.2.4.1 Provide adequate storage facilities to segregate and protect the sample. During and after preparation, store the samplein a manner which
45、 prevents contamination or chemical change.6.2.4.2 Keep the sample, or the laboratory sample in the form of a solid mass, for a sufficient period of time to permit retestingif necessary.6.2.5 Arbitration:6.2.5.1 Samples intended for arbitration shall be prepared jointly by the supplier and purchaser
46、 or by their representatives. Keepa record of the methods used for preparing samples.6.2.5.2 Both parties or their representatives seal containers with the samples intended for arbitration. Unless agreed to thecontrary, the representatives of each party responsible for the preparation of samples wil
47、l keep these containers.6.3 Selection of a Sample:6.3.1 Sample from a Melt:6.3.1.1 Melts are sampled at various stages in the manufacturing process for the purposes of monitoring and controlling theprocess. Samples can be taken during the casting of the melt to verify chemical composition in accorda
48、nce with the specificationof the cast product. In the case of liquid metal intended for the production of a casting, the analytical sample may be selected fromtest bars or blocks specially cast from the same metal as that of the casting for purposes of mechanical testing in accordance withthe produc
49、t standard.6.3.1.2 Sampling practices shall be designed for melts to provide samples during a particular manufacturing process inaccordance with requirements for sample quality (see 6.2.1). The sample obtained from a melt usually is in the form of a smallingot, a cylindrical or rectangular block, or a chill-cast disk or a combination of a disk with one or more attached pins, in somecases small lugs are attached to a disk sample.NOTE 1Sampling probes for use with liquid iron and steel may be obtained from a number of suppliers. The main features of the
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