1、Designation: E1820 111Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Fracture Toughness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1820; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTE3.2.2 and Note A13.3 were editorially revised in March 2013.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines forthe determination of fracture to
3、ughness of metallic materialsusing the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (). Tough-ness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value.The fracture toughness determined in accordance with this testmethod is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.1.2 The recommended specimens are sing
4、le-edge bend,SE(B), compact, C(T), and disk-shaped compact, DC(T).All specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatiguecracks.1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary ac-cording to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guide-lines are established through consideration of ma
5、terialtoughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualifi-cation requirements of the toughness value per values sought.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address
6、all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1Other standard methods for the determination of fractur
7、etoughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in TestMethods E399, E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed toprovide a common method for determining all applicable toughnessparameters from a single test.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verific
8、ation of Testing MachinesE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE21 Test Methods for ElevatedTemperatureTensionTests ofMetallic MaterialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-tallic MaterialsE399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain FractureToughness KIc
9、of Metallic MaterialsE1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn2013)3E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture TestingE1921 Test Method for Determination of ReferenceTemperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the TransitionRangeE1942 Gu
10、ide for Evaluating DataAcquisition Systems Usedin Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics TestingE2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing ofMetallic Materials3. Terminology3.1 Terminology E1823 is applicable to this test method.Only items that are exclusive to Test Method E1820, or thathave s
11、pecific discussion items associated, are listed in thissection.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compliance LF1, nthe ratio of displacement in-crement to force increment.3.2.2 crack opening displacement (COD) L, nforce-induced separation vector between two points at a specific
12、 gagelength. The direction of the vector is normal to the crack plane.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn this practice, displacement, v, is thetotal displacement measured by clip gages or other devicesspanning the crack faces.3.2.3 crack extension, a L, nan increase in crack size.3.2.4 crack-extension force, G FL
13、1or FLL2, ntheelastic energy per unit of new separation area that is made1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigueand Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on FractureMechanics.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published August 2011.
14、Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1820 091. DOI:10.1520/E1820-11E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar
15、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic sol
16、id duringa virtual increment of forward crack extension.3.2.5 crack size, a L, na lineal measure of a principalplanar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly usedin the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress anddisplacement fields, and is often also termed crack length ordepth.3.
17、2.5.1 DiscussionIn practice, the value of a is obtainedfrom procedures for measurement of physical crack size, ap,original crack size, ao, and effective crack size, ae,asappropriate to the situation being considered.3.2.6 crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD), L, nthecrack displacement resulting fro
18、m the total deformation (elasticplus plastic) at variously defined locations near the originalcrack tip.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIn this test method, CTOD is the dis-placement of the crack surfaces normal to the original (un-loaded) crack plane at the tip of the fatigue precrack, ao. In thistest method, CT
19、OD is calculated at the original crack size, ao,from measurements made from the force versus displacementrecord.3.2.6.2 DiscussionIn CTOD testing, IcL is a value ofCTOD near the onset of slow stable crack extension, heredefined as occurring at ap= 0.2 mm (0.008 in.) + 0.7Ic.3.2.6.3 DiscussionIn CTOD
20、 testing, cL is the value ofCTOD at the onset of unstable crack extension (see 3.2.39)orpop-in (see 3.2.25) when ap0.2 mm(0.008 in.) + 0.7u. The ucorresponds to the force Puand theclip gage displacement vu(see Fig. 1). It may be size-dependent and a function of test specimen geometry. It can beusefu
21、l to define limits on ductile fracture behavior.3.2.6.5 DiscussionIn CTOD testing, c*L characterizesthe CTOD fracture toughness of materials at fracture instabilityprior to the onset of significant stable tearing crack extension.The value of c*determined by this test method represents ameasure of fr
22、acture toughness at instability without significantstable crack extension that is independent of in-plane dimen-sions. However, there may be a dependence of toughness onthickness (length of crack front).3.2.7 dial energy, KV FLabsorbed energy as indicatedby the impact machine encoder or dial indicat
23、or, as applicable.3.2.8 dynamic stress intensity factor, KJdThe dynamicequivalent of the stress intensity factor KJ, calculated from Jusing the equation specified in this test method.3.2.9 dynamic ultimate tensile strength, TSdFL-2dynamic equivalent of the ultimate tensile strength, measuredat the e
24、quivalent strain rate of the fracture toughness test.3.2.10 dynamic yield strength, YSdFL-2dynamicequivalent of the yield strength, measured at the equivalentstrain rate of the fracture toughness test.3.2.11 effective thickness, BeL,nfor side-groovedspecimens Be=B(BBN)2/B. This is used for the elast
25、icunloading compliance measurement of crack size.3.2.12 effective yield strength, YFL2, nan assumedvalue of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence ofplastic yielding upon fracture test parameters.3.2.12.1 DiscussionIt is calculated as the average of the0.2 % offset yield strength YS,
26、and the ultimate tensilestrength, TSas follows:Y5YS1TS2(1)3.2.12.2 DiscussionIn estimating Y, influences of testingconditions, such as loading rate and temperature, should beconsidered.3.2.12.3 DiscussionThe dynamic effective yield strength,Yd, is the dynamic equivalent of the effective yield streng
27、th,NOTE 1Construction lines drawn parallel to the elastic loading slope to give vp, the plastic component of total displacement, vg.NOTE 2In curves b and d, the behavior after pop-in is a function of machine/specimen compliance, instrument response, etc.FIG. 1 Types of Force versus Clip Gage Displac
28、ement RecordsE1820 1112and is calculated as the average of the dynamic yield strengthand dynamic ultimate tensile strength.3.2.13 general yield force, PgyF in an instrumentedimpact test, applied force corresponding to general yielding ofthe specimen ligament. It corresponds to Fgy, as used in TestMe
29、thod E2298.3.2.14 J-integral, J FL1, na mathematical expression, aline or surface integral that encloses the crack front from onecrack surface to the other, used to characterize the localstress-strain field around the crack front.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe J-integral expression for a two-dimensional cra
30、ck, in the x-z plane with the crack front parallelto the z-axis, is the line integral as follows:J 5 *SWdy 2 TuxdsD(2)where:W = loading work per unit volume or, for elastic bodies,strain energy density, = path of the integral, that encloses (that is, contains)the crack tip,ds = increment of the cont
31、our path,T= outward traction vector on ds,u = displacement vector at ds,x, y, z = rectangular coordinates, andTuxds= rate of work input from the stress field into the areaenclosed by .3.2.14.2 DiscussionThe value of J obtained from thisequation is taken to be path-independent in test specimenscommon
32、ly used, but in service components (and perhaps in testspecimens) caution is needed to adequately consider loadinginterior to such as from rapid motion of the crack or theservice component, and from residual or thermal stress.3.2.14.3 DiscussionIn elastic (linear or nonlinear) solids,the J-integral
33、equals the crack-extension force, G. (See crackextension force.)3.2.14.4 DiscussionIn elastic (linear and nonlinear) solidsfor which the mathematical expression is path independent, theJ-integral is equal to the value obtained from two identicalbodies with infinitesimally differing crack areas each
34、subject tostress. The parameter J is the difference in work per unitdifference in crack area at a fixed value of displacement or,where appropriate, at a fixed value of force (1)4.3.2.14.5 DiscussionThe dynamic equivalent of JcisJcd,X, with X = order of magnitude of J-integral rate.3.2.15 JcFL1The pr
35、operty Jcdetermined by this testmethod characterizes the fracture toughness of materials atfracture instability prior to the onset of significant stabletearing crack extension. The value of Jcdetermined by this testmethod represents a measure of fracture toughness at instabil-ity without significant
36、 stable crack extension that is indepen-dent of in-plane dimensions; however, there may be a depen-dence of toughness on thickness (length of crack front).3.2.16 JuFL1The quantity Judetermined by this testmethod measures fracture instability after the onset of signifi-cant stable tearing crack exten
37、sion. It may be size-dependentand a function of test specimen geometry. It can be useful todefine limits on ductile fracture behavior.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThe dynamic equivalent of Juis Jud,X,with X = order of magnitude of J-integral rate.3.2.17 J-integral rate, JFL21T21#derivative of J withrespect to
38、 time.3.2.18 machine capacity, MC FLmaximum availableenergy of the impact testing machine.3.2.19 maximum force, PmaxFin an instrumented im-pact test, maximum value of applied force. It corresponds toFm, as used in Test Method E2298.3.2.20 net thickness, BNL, ndistance between the rootsof the side gr
39、ooves in side-grooved specimens.3.2.21 original crack size, aoL,nthe physical crack sizeat the start of testing.3.2.21.1 DiscussionIn this test method, aoqis used todenote original crack size estimated from compliance.3.2.22 original remaining ligament, boL, ndistancefrom the original crack front to
40、 the back edge of the specimen,that is (bo=Wao).3.2.23 physical crack size, apL,nthe distance from areference plane to the observed crack front. This distance mayrepresent an average of several measurements along the crackfront. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, andit is normally tak
41、en to be either the boundary, or a planecontaining either the load-line or the centerline of a specimenor plate. The reference plane is defined prior to specimendeformation.3.2.24 plane-strain fracture toughness, KIcFL3/2, JIcFL1, KJIcFL3/2,nthe crack-extension resistance underconditions of crack-ti
42、p plane-strain.3.2.24.1 DiscussionFor example, in Mode I for slow ratesof loading and negligible plastic-zone adjustment, plane-strainfracture toughness is the value of the stress-intensity factordesignated KIcas measured using the operational procedure(and satisfying all of the qualification requir
43、ements) specifiedin this test method, which provides for the measurement ofcrack-extension resistance at the start of crack extension andprovides operational definitions of crack-tip sharpness, start ofcrack extension, and crack-tip plane-strain.3.2.24.2 DiscussionFor example, in Mode I for slow rat
44、esof loading and substantial plastic deformation, plane-strainfracture toughness is the value of the J-integral designated JIcFL1 as measured using the operational procedure (andsatisfying all of the qualification requirements) specified in thistest method, that provides for the measurement of crack
45、-extension resistance near the onset of stable crack extension.3.2.24.3 DiscussionFor example, in Mode I for slow ratesof loading, plane-strain fracture toughness is the value of thestress intensity designated KJIccalculated from JIcusing theequation (and satisfying all of the qualification requirem
46、ents)specified in this test method, that provides for the measurement4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E1820 1113of crack-extension resistance near the onset of stable crackextension under dominant elastic conditions (2).3.2.24.4 Discussi
47、onThe dynamic equivalent of JIcis JIcd,X, with X = order of magnitude of J-integral rate.3.2.25 pop-in, na discontinuity in the force versus clipgage displacement record. The record of a pop-in shows asudden increase in displacement and, generally a decrease inforce. Subsequently, the displacement a
48、nd force increase toabove their respective values at pop-in.3.2.26 R-curve or J-R curve, na plot of crack extensionresistance as a function of stable crack extension, apor ae.3.2.26.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the J-R curve is aplot of the far-field J-integral versus the physical crackextension
49、, ap. It is recognized that the far-field value of J maynot represent the stress-strain field local to a growing crack.3.2.27 remaining ligament, b L, ndistance from thephysical crack front to the back edge of the specimen, that is(b=Wap).3.2.28 specimen center of pin hole distance, H* L, nthedistance between the center of the pin holes on a pin-loadedspecimen.3.2.29 specimen gage length, d L, nthe di
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