1、Designation: E 1822 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of Stacked Chairs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means of determining theburning behavior of stacking
3、 chairs used in public occupanciesby measuring specific fire-test responses when a stack of chairsis subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under wellventilated conditions.1.3 This test method is limited to stacked chairs.1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behaviorfollowing
4、application of a specific ignition source, fromignition until all burning has ceased, a period of1hhaselapsed, or flashover under test conditions appears inevitable.1.5 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of stacked chairs under fire conditions otherthan those condit
5、ions specified in this test method. In particu-lar, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition bycigarettes. See 5.11 for further information.1.6 The rate of heat release of the burning test specimen ismeasured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.11.4 forfurther information.1.7 Other
6、measurements are the production of light-obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gasspecies in the combustion gases. See 5.11.5 for further infor-mation.1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photo-graphic or video recordings.1.9 This standard is used to measure and descr
7、ibe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assemblies underactual fire conditions1.10 Fire testing of products and mate
8、rials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.11 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parenth
9、eses are forinformation only.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitation
10、s prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE 1354 Test Method for Hea
11、t and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testi
12、ng of Upholstered Furni-tureE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabulary3ISO 9705 Fire TestsF
13、ull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProducts3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary32.3 UL Standards:UL 1056 Fire Test of Upholstered Furniture4UL 1895 Fire Test of Mattresses41This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.
14、15 on Furnishingsand Contents.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1822 02b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
15、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, North-brook, IL 600
16、62.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.4 CA Standards:CATB 129, Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses forUse in Public Buildings5CA TB 133, Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Fur-niture for Use in Public Occup
17、ancies52.5 Other Document:Nordtest Method NT Fire 032, Upholstered Furniture:Burning BehaviorFull Scale Test63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated with fire issues, refer to TerminologyE 176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions in
18、Terminology E 176 shall prevail. For definitions of terms usedin this test method and associated with textile issues refer toTerminology D 123 and ISO 4880. In case of conflict, thedefinitions in Terminology D 123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 stacking chair,
19、 nchair that is intended to be stackedwhen not in use.3.2.2 test specimen, nstack of five identical stackingchairs.3.2.3 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.4 upholstered seating furniture, na unit of interiorfurnishing that (1) contains any surf
20、ace that is covered, inwhole or in part, with a fabric or other upholstery covermaterial, (2) contains upholstery material, and (3) is intendedor promoted for sitting upon.3.2.5 upholstery cover material, nthe outermost layer offabric or related material used to enclose the main supportsystem, or up
21、holstery materials, or both, used in the furnitureunit.3.2.6 upholstery material, nthe padding, stuffing, or fill-ing material used in a furniture item, which may be either looseor attached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material, orlocated between the upholstery cover material and supportsystem,
22、if present.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,material such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill,bonded cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This fire-test-response test method determines a numberof fire-test-response characteristics associated with a stack of
23、five stacking chairs, ignited with a propane gas burner. Mea-surements to be made include the rate of heat and smokerelease, total amount of heat released, rates and concentrationsof carbon oxides released, and rates and amounts of mass oftest specimen lost. Other optional measurements are alsodescr
24、ibed.4.2 In Test Configurations A and B, the test specimen isplaced on a weighing platform located in a test room. Anexhaust hood, connected to a duct, is located at the doorway ofthe room.4.3 In Test Configuration C, the test specimen is placed ona weighing platform located directly under a hood.4.
25、4 Heat, smoke, and combustion gas release instrumenta-tion is placed in the duct.4.5 Additional (optional) instrumentation placed in the testroom is also described.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring avariety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from
26、burn-ing a stack of five stacking chairs. After ignition using apropane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burnfreely under well-ventilated conditions. The most importantfire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method isthe rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensi
27、ty of the firegenerated.5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle ofoxygen consumption.AnnexA3 discusses the assumptions andlimitations.5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (asthe rate of smoke release, t
28、otal smoke released or opticaldensity of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrationsof combustion gases), and mass loss, that are important tomaking decisions on fire safety.5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseouscomponents of smoke are the carbon oxides present in all fires.T
29、hey are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of thecompleteness of combustion. Measurement of concentrationsof carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of firehazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy ofheat-release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases,wh
30、ich are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of thetoxicity of the atmospheres, but are less crucial for determiningcombustion completeness and are optional measures; howeverfire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is comm
31、onin both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies.This test method is thus applicable to stacked chairs in publicoccupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to,health-care facilities, old-age convalescent and board and carehomes, college dormitories and residence halls,
32、and hotels andmotels.5.6 One of the following three configurations is to be usedin this test method:5.6.1 Test Configuration AA test room with the followingdimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m high (12 by 8 by 8 ft).5.6.2 Test Configuration BA test room with the followingdimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.
33、44 m high (12 by 10 by 8 ft).5.6.3 Test Configuration CAn open calorimeter (or furni-ture calorimeter).5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it hasbeen shown that equivalent test results are obtained.5Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-tion, State of
34、 California, Department of ConsumerAffairs, 3485 Orange GroveAve.,North Highlands, CA 95660-5595.6Available from Nordtest, P.O. Box 22, SF-00341, Helsingfors, Finland.E18220725.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat release inthe
35、 duct and mass loss up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW(1).75.9 Measurements of temperatures, gas concentrations, andsmoke obscuration in the room are dependent on room size.5.10 Studies on the flammability performance of furnitureindicate that bench-scale fire tests are useful for preliminaryeva
36、luations of component materials for substitution purposes(see Appendix X2).5.11 Limitations:5.11.1 This test method is not applicable to ignition bycigarettes or by any other smoldering source.5.11.2 The ignition source in this test method is a flamingsource. Moreover, this particular ignition sourc
37、e has beenshown to be able to provide a distinction among different kindsof stacked chairs. However, the fraction of actual flamingstacked chair fires occurring with ignitions more or less intensethan that used here is not known.5.11.3 It is not known whether the results of this test methodwill be e
38、qually valid when stacking chairs are burned underconditions different from those specified. In particular, it isunclear whether the use of a different ignition source, the sameignition source but having a different duration of flameexposure, or a different gas-flow rate will change the results.5.11
39、.4 The value of rate of heat release corresponding to thecritical limit between propagating fires and nonpropagatingfires is not known.5.11.5 As yet, there is not a known direct correlationbetween smoke obscuration or smoke toxicity measurements inthe exhaust duct and overall fire hazard.6. Apparatu
40、s6.1 Room Layout and Instrumentation:6.1.1 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration A)The testroom shall have dimensions of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (8 by 12 by 8 ft). The roomshall have no openings other than a doorway opening 0.76 m 66.4 mm by 2.03 m 6 6.4 mm (30 by 80 in
41、.), located asindicated in Fig. 1, and other small openings, as necessary tomake test measurements. Construct the test room of wooden ormetal studs and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnex A1, outside the room doorway, such that
42、 it collects allof the combustion gases. There shall be no obstructions to theair supply to the test setup.NOTE 1Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-board with a nominal thickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard used is grea
43、ter, it will notaffect the results of this test method.6.1.2 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration B)The testroom shall have dimensions of 3.05 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (10 by 12 by 8 ft). The roomshall have no openings other than a doorway opening 0.97 m 66.4 mm by 2.06 m 6
44、6.4 mm (38 by 81 in.), located asindicated in Fig. 2, and other small openings, as necessary tomake test measurements. Construct the test room of wooden ormetal studs, and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnex A1, outside the roo
45、m doorway, such that it collects allof the combustion gases. There shall be no obstructions to theair supply to the test setup.NOTE 2Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-board with a nominal thickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wa
46、llboard used is greater, it will notaffect the results of this test method.6.1.3 Open Calorimeter Layout (Test Configuration C):6.1.3.1 The area surrounding the test specimen in an opencalorimeter layout shall be sufficiently large that there are noheat radiation effects from the walls or any other
47、nearbyobjects. The airflow to the test specimen shall be symmetricalfrom all sides.6.1.3.2 If the heat release rate of the test specimen is below600 kW, a load cell sited under a hood, and where the distancebetween the test specimen and any wall is 1 m (3.3 ft) or more,is acceptable.6.1.3.3 The air
48、supply to the calorimeter shall be sufficientso that it does not affect the burning process.6.1.4 General Discussion of Room Layout:7The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.NOTE 1See text for tolerances; room instrumentation is optional.FIG.
49、1 Test Room Configuration for Test Configuration AE18220736.1.4.1 Heat release measurements in the duct, made in TestConfigurations A, B, and C have been shown to give similarresults for heat release rates below 600 kW (see X1.4) (1).6.1.5 Other Test Room FurnishingsThe test room shallcontain no furnishings except for the test specimen.6.1.6 Location of Test Specimen, for Test Configurations Aor BPosition the test specimen on a weighing platform in acorner. Ensure that the test specimen is at a distance of between0.10 and 0.25 m (4 and 10 in.) from both walls (F
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