1、Designation: E1822 09 E1822 12 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of Stacked Chairs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means of determining the burning behavior of
3、stacking chairs used in public occupancies bymeasuring specific fire-test responses when a stack of chairs is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well ventilatedconditions.1.3 This test method is limited to stacked chairs.1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behavior
4、following application of a specific ignition source, from ignition untilall burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover under test conditions appears inevitable.1.5 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of stacked chairs under fire conditions other t
5、hanthose conditions specified in this test method. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes.See 5.11 for further information.1.6 The rate of heat release of the burning test specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.11.4 for furtherinforma
6、tion.1.7 Other measurements are the production of light-obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in thecombustion gases. See 5.11.5 for further information.1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photographic or video recordings.1.9 This standard is used to meas
7、ure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products or assemblies under actual fire conditions1.10 Fire testing of p
8、roducts and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shallbe employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.11 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The uni
9、ts given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of reg
10、ulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During FiresE1354 Test M
11、ethod for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings andContents.Current edition appr
12、oved Jan. 1, 2009Dec. 15, 2012. Published February 2009December 2012. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20072009as E1822 07.E1822 09. DOI: 10.1520/E1822-09.10.1520/E1822-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Se
13、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previ
14、ous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Int
15、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing o
16、f Upholstered FurnitureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary3ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull
17、 Scale Room Test for Surface Products3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary32.3 UL Standards:UL 1056 Fire Test of Upholstered Furniture (withdrawn)4UL 1895 Fire Test of Mattresses (withdrawn)42.4 CA Standards:CA TB 129, Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public Buildings5CA TB 133, Flam
18、mability Test Procedure for Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies52.5 NFPA Standard:NFPA 289 Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Packages62.6 Other Document:Nordtest Method NT Fire 032,032 Upholstered Furniture: Burning BehaviorFull Scale Test73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor
19、definitions of terms used in this test method and associated with fire issues, refer to Terminology E176 andISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions in Terminology E176 shall prevail. For definitions of terms used in this test methodand associated with textile issues refer to Terminology D123
20、 and ISO 4880. In case of conflict, the definitions in Terminology D123shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 stacking chair, nchair that is intended to be stacked when not in use.3.2.2 test specimen, nstack of five identical stacking chairs.3.2.3 upholstered, adjcove
21、red with material (as fabric or padding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.4 upholstered seating furniture, na unit of interior furnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, in whole or inpart, with a fabric or other upholstery cover material, (2) contains upholstery material, and (3) is int
22、ended or promoted for sittingupon.3.2.5 upholstery cover material, nthe outermost layer of fabric or related material used to enclose the main support system,or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furniture unit.3.2.6 upholstery material, nthe padding, stuffing, or filling material used in a
23、furniture item, which may be either loose orattached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material, or located between the upholstery cover material and support system, if present.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to, material such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill, bonded
24、cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This fire-test-response test method determines a number of fire-test-response characteristics associated with a stack of fivestacking chairs, ignited with a propane gas burner. Measurements to be made include the rate of heat and smoke release, totalam
25、ount of heat released, rates and concentrations of carbon oxides released, and rates and amounts of mass of test specimen lost.Other optional measurements are also described.4.2 In Test Configurations A and B, the test specimen is placed on a weighing platform located in a test room. An exhaust hood
26、,connected to a duct, is located at the doorway of the room.4.3 In Test Configuration C, the test specimen is placed on a weighing platform located directly under a hood.4.4 Heat, smoke, and combustion gas release instrumentation is placed in the duct.3 Available from International Organization for
27、Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.4 Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), (UL) (hard copy only), 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.5 Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and
28、Thermal Insulation, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange Grove Ave., NorthHighlands, CA 95660-5595.6 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.7 Available from Nordtest, P.O. Box 22, SF-00341
29、, Helsingfors, Finland.E1822 1224.5 Additional (optional) instrumentation placed in the test room is also described.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a stackof five stacking chairs. After i
30、gnition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilatedconditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, whichquantifies the intensity of the fire generated.5.2 The rate of heat r
31、elease is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions andlimitations.5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rateof smoke release, total smoke released or optical density of s
32、moke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustiongases), and mass loss, that are important to making decisions on fire safety.5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides present in all fires. Theyare indicators of the toxicity of th
33、e atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbonoxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat-releasemeasurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials
34、, are also indicators of the toxicity of theatmospheres, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however fire hazardassessment often requires their measurement.5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentiona
35、l fires in public occupancies. Thistest method is thus applicable to stacked chairs in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-carefacilities, old-age convalescent and board and care homes, college dormitories and residence halls, and hotels and motels.5.6 One of
36、the following three configurations is to be used in this test method:5.6.1 Test Configuration AA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m high (12 by 8 by 8 ft).5.6.2 Test Configuration BA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m high (12 by 10 by 8 ft).
37、5.6.3 Test Configuration CAn open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter).5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it has been shown that equivalent test results are obtained.5.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in 5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat rel
38、ease in theduct and mass loss up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW (1).85.9 Measurements of temperatures, gas concentrations, and smoke obscuration in the room are dependent on room size.5.10 Studies on the flammability performance of furniture indicate that bench-scale fire tests are useful for p
39、reliminaryevaluations of component materials for substitution purposes (see Appendix X2).5.11 Limitations:5.11.1 This test method is not applicable to ignition by cigarettes or by any other smoldering source.5.11.2 The ignition source in this test method is a flaming source. Moreover, this particula
40、r ignition source has been shown tobe able to provide a distinction among different kinds of stacked chairs. However, the fraction of actual flaming stacked chair firesoccurring with ignitions more or less intense than that used here is not known.5.11.3 It is not known whether the results of this te
41、st method will be equally valid when stacking chairs are burned underconditions different from those specified. In particular, it is unclear whether the use of a different ignition source, the same ignitionsource but having a different duration of flame exposure, or a different gas-flow rate will ch
42、ange the results.5.11.4 The value of rate of heat release corresponding to the critical limit between propagating fires and nonpropagating firesis not known.5.11.5 As yet, there is not a known direct correlation between smoke obscuration or smoke toxicity measurements in the exhaustduct and overall
43、fire hazard.6. Apparatus6.1 Room Layout and Instrumentation:6.1.1 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration A)The test room shall have dimensions of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 6 25 mmby 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (8 by 12 by 8 ft). The room shall have no openings other than a doorway opening 0.76 m 6 6.4 mmby 2.0
44、3 m 6 6.4 mm (30 by 80 in.), located as indicated in Fig. 1, and other small openings, as necessary to make testmeasurements. Construct the test room of wooden or metal studs and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard or calcium silicatewallboard. Position a hood, as described in Annex A1, outside
45、 the room doorway, such that it collects all of the combustion gases.There shall be no obstructions to the air supply to the test setup.8 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.E1822 123NOTE 1Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicat
46、e wallboard with a nominal thickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard used is greater, it will not affect the results of this test method.6.1.2 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration B)The test room shall have dimensions of 3.05 m 6 25 mm by 3.66
47、 m 6 25 mmby 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (10 by 12 by 8 ft). The room shall have no openings other than a doorway opening 0.97 m 6 6.4 mmby 2.06 m 6 6.4 mm (38 by 81 in.), located as indicated in Fig. 2, and other small openings, as necessary to make testmeasurements. Construct the test room of wooden or me
48、tal studs, and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard or calcium silicatewallboard. Position a hood, as described in Annex A1, outside the room doorway, such that it collects all of the combustion gases.There shall be no obstructions to the air supply to the test setup.NOTE 2Both Type X gypsum wal
49、lboard and calcium silicate wallboard with a nominal thickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard used is greater, it will not affect the results of this test method.6.1.3 Open Calorimeter Layout (Test Configuration C):6.1.3.1 The area surrounding the test specimen in an open calorimeter layout shall be sufficiently large that there are no heatradiation effects from the walls or any other nearby objects. The airflow to the test specimen shall be symmetrical from all sides.6.1.3.2 If the heat
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