1、Designation: E1827 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Methods forDetermining Airtightness of Buildings Using an OrificeBlower Door1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1827; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe two techniques for measur-ing air leakage rates through a building envel
3、ope in buildingsthat may be configured to a single zone. Both techniques use anorifice blower door to induce pressure differences across thebuilding envelope and to measure those pressure differencesand the resulting airflows. The measurements of pressuredifferences and airflows are used to determin
4、e airtightness andother leakage characteristics of the envelope.1.2 These test methods allow testing under depressurizationand pressurization.1.3 These test methods are applicable to small indoor-outdoor temperature differentials and low wind pressure con-ditions; the uncertainty in the measured res
5、ults increases withincreasing wind speeds and temperature differentials.1.4 These test methods do not measure air change rate undernormal conditions of weather and building operation. Tomeasure air change rate directly, use Test Method E741.1.5 The text of these test methods reference notes andfootn
6、otes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use
7、r of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements see Section 7.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized p
8、rinciples on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E456 Terminology Relating to
9、 Quality and StatisticsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas DilutionE779 Test Method for DeterminingAir Leakage Rate by FanPressurizationE1186 Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in BuildingEnvelopes and A
10、ir Barrier SystemsE1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressur-ization Devices2.2 ISO International Standard:3ISO 9972 Thermal InsulationDetermination of BuildingAirtightnessFan Pressurization Method2.3 Other Standard:3ANSI/ASME PTC 19.11985 Part 1: MeasurementUncertainty, Instruments, a
11、nd Apparatus3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to buildingconstruction used in this test methods, refer to TerminologyE631 and for general terms related to accuracy, bias, precision,and uncertainty refer to Terminology E456.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
12、to This Standard:3.2.1 ACH50,nthe ratio of the air leakage rate at 50 Pa(0.2 in. H2O), corrected for a standard air density, to thevolume of the test zone (1/h).3.2.2 air leakage rate, Qenv,nthe total volume of airpassing through the test zone envelope per unit of time (m3/s,ft3/min).3.2.3 airtightn
13、ess, nthe degree to which a test zoneenvelope resists the flow of air.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2
14、017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1827 11. DOI:10.1520/E1827-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
15、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
16、 United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Bar
17、riers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1NOTE 1ACH50, air leakage rate, and effective leakage area areexamples of measures of building airtightness.3.2.4 blower door, na fan pressurization device incorpo-rating a controllable fan and instruments for airflow measure-ment and building pressure difference measu
18、rement thatmounts securely in a door or other opening.3.2.5 building pressure difference, P, nthe pressure differ-ence across the test zone envelope (Pa, in. H2O).3.2.6 fan airflow rate, Qfan,nthe volume of airflowthrough the blower door per unit of time (m3/s, ft3/min).3.2.7 nominal airflow rate, Q
19、nom,nthe flow rate indicatedby the blower door using the manufacturers calibrationcoefficients (m3/s, ft3/min).3.2.8 orifice blower door, na blower door in which airflowrate is determined by means of the pressure drop across anorifice or nozzle.3.2.9 precision index of the average, nthe sample stand
20、arddeviation divided by the square root of the number of samples.33.2.10 pressure station, na specified induced change inthe building pressure difference from the initial zero-flowbuilding pressure difference (Pa, in. H2O).3.2.11 single zone, na space in which the pressure differ-ences between any t
21、wo places, as indicated on a manometer,differ by no more than 2.5 Pa (0.01 in. H2O) during fanpressurization at a building pressure difference of 50 Pa (0.2 in.H2O) and by no more than 5 % of the highest building pressuredifference achieved.NOTE 2A multiroom space that is interconnected within itsel
22、f withdoor-sized openings through any partitions or floors is likely to satisfy thiscriterion if the fan airflow rate is less than 3 m3/s (6 103ft3/min) and thetest zone envelope is not extremely leaky.3.2.12 test zone, na building or a portion of a building thatis configured as a single zone for th
23、e purpose of this standard.NOTE 3For detached dwellings, the test zone envelope normallycomprises the thermal envelope.3.2.13 test zone envelope, nthe barrier or series of barriersbetween a test zone and the outdoors.NOTE 4The user establishes the test zone envelope at such places asbasements or nei
24、ghboring rooms by choosing the level of resistance toairflow between the test zone and outdoors with such measures as openingor closing windows and doors to, from, and within the adjacent spaces.3.2.14 zero-flow building pressure difference, nthe naturalbuilding pressure difference measured when the
25、re is no flowthrough the blower door.3.3 SymbolsThe following is a summary of the principalsymbols used in these test methods:Alt = altitude at site, m (ft),C = flow coefficient at standard conditions, m3/s(Pan)ft3/min (in. H2On),4L = effective leakage area at standard conditions, m2(in.2),n = envel
26、ope flow exponent (dimensionless),P = building pressure difference (see 3.2.5),P1= average pressure, Psta, at the primary pressurestation, Pa (in. H2O),P2= average pressure, Psta, at the secondary pressurestation, Pa (in. H2O),Pref= the reference pressure differential across thebuilding envelope, Pa
27、 (in. H2O),Psta= station pressure, Pa (in. H2O),Ptest= test pressure, Pa (in. H2O),Pzero1= zero-airflow pressure before test, Pa (in. H2O),Pzero2= zero-airflow pressure after test, Pa (in. H2O),Qenv= the air leakage rate, m3/s (ft3/min),Qenv1= average air leakage rate, Qenv, at the primarypressure s
28、tation, m3/s (ft3/min),Qenv2= average air leakage rate, Qenv, at the secondarypressure station, m3/s (ft3/min),Qfan= fan airflow rate (see 3.2.6),Qnom= nominal airflow rate (see 3.2.7),T = temperature, C (F),t = value from a two-tailed student t table for the95 % confidence level,n = measurement unc
29、ertainty of the envelope flowexponent (dimensionless),Vzone= volume of the test zone, m3(ft3),Qenv= measurement uncertainty of the average airleakage rate, m3/s (ft3/min),Q50= the measurement uncertainty of Q50,m3/s (ft3/min),Qbias= estimated bias of the flow rate, m3/s (ft3/min),Qbias1= estimated b
30、ias of the flow rate at the primarypressure station, m3/s (ft3/min),Qbias2= estimated bias of the flow rate at the secondarypressure station, m3/s (ft3/min),Qprecision= precision index of the average measured flowrate, m3/s (ft3/min),Qprec1= precision index of the average measured flowrate at the pr
31、imary pressure station, m3/s (ft3/min),Qprec2= precision index of the average measured flowrate at the secondary pressure station, m3/s(ft3/min),P = measurement uncertainty of the average mea-sured pressure differential across the buildingenvelope, Pa (in. H2O),Pbias= estimated bias of the pressure
32、differential acrossthe building envelope, Pa (in. H2O),Pbias1= estimated bias of the pressure differential acrossthe building envelope at the primary pressurestation, Pa (in. H2O),Pbias2= estimated bias of the pressure differential acrossthe building envelope at the secondary pressurestation, Pa (in
33、. H2O),Pprecision= precision index of the average measured pres-sure differential across the building envelope,Pa (in. H2O),Pprec1= precision index of the average measured pres-sure differential across the building envelope atthe primary pressure station, Pa (in. H2O),4Historically, a variety of oth
34、er units have been used.E1827 11 (2017)2Pprec2= precision index of the average measured pres-sure differential across the building envelope atthe secondary pressure station, Pa (in. H2O),Vzone= measurement uncertainty of the zone volume,m3(ft3), = dynamic viscosity, kg/ms (lbm/fthr), = air density,
35、kg/m3(lbm/ft3), andcal= air density at which the calibration values arevalid, kg/m3(lbm/ft3).4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Pressure versus FlowThese test methods consist ofmechanical depressurization or pressurization of a buildingzone during which measurements of fan airflow rates are madeat one or
36、 more pressure stations. The air leakage characteristicsof a building envelope are evaluated from the relationshipbetween the building pressure differences and the resultingairflow rates. Two alternative measurement and analysis pro-cedures are specified in this standard, the single-point methodand
37、the two-point method.4.1.1 Single-Point MethodThis method provides air leak-age estimates by making multiple flow measurements nearP1= 50 Pa (0.2 in. H2O) and assuming a building flowexponent of n = 0.65.4.1.2 Two-Point MethodThis method provides air leakageestimates by making multiple flow measurem
38、ents nearP1= 50 Pa (0.2 in. H2O) and near P2= 12.5 Pa (0.05 in. H2O)that permit estimates of the building flow coefficient and flowexponent.5. Significance and Use5.1 AirtightnessBuilding airtightness is one factor thataffects building air change rates under normal conditions ofweather and building
39、operation. These air change rates accountfor a significant portion of the space-conditioning load andaffect occupant comfort, indoor air quality, and buildingdurability. These test methods produce results that characterizethe airtightness of the building envelope. These results can beused to compare
40、 the relative airtightness of similar buildings,determine airtightness improvements from retrofit measuresapplied to an existing building, and predict air leakage. Use ofthis standard in conjunction Practices E1186 permits theidentification of leakage sources and rates of leakage fromdifferent compo
41、nents of the same building envelope. These testmethods evolved from Test Method E779 to apply to orificeblower doors.5.1.1 Applicability to Natural ConditionsPressures acrossbuilding envelopes under normal conditions of weather andbuilding operation vary substantially among various locationson the e
42、nvelope and are generally much lower than thepressures during the test. Therefore, airtightness measurementsusing these test methods cannot be interpreted as directmeasurements of natural infiltration or air change rates thatwould occur under natural conditions. However, airtightnessmeasurements can
43、 be used to provide air leakage parametersfor models of natural infiltration. Such models can estimateaverage annual ventilation rates and the associated energycosts. Test Method E741 measure natural air exchange ratesusing tracer gas dilution techniques.5.1.2 Relation to Test Method E779These test
44、methods arespecific adaptations of Test Method E779 to orifice blowerdoors. For nonorifice blower doors or for buildings too large touse blower doors, use Test Method E779.5.2 Single-Point MethodUse this method to provide airleakage estimates for assessing improvements in airtightness.5.3 Two-Point
45、MethodUse this method to provide airleakage parameters for use as inputs to natural ventilationmodels. The two-point method uses more complex data analy-sis techniques and requires more accurate measurements(Tables X1.1 and X1.2) than the single-point method. It can beused to estimate the building l
46、eakage characteristics at buildingpressure differences as low as 4 Pa (0.016 in. H2O). A varietyof reference pressures for building envelope leaks has beenused or suggested for characterizing building airtightness.These pressures include 4 Pa (0.016 in. H2O), 10 Pa (0.04 in.H2O), 30 Pa (0.12 in. H2O
47、), and 50 Pa (0.2 in. H2O). TheASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals uses 4 Pa.5.4 Depressurization versus PressurizationDepending onthe goals of the test method, the user may choose depressur-ization or pressurization or both. This standard permits bothdepressurization and pressurization measurements to
48、compen-sate for asymmetric flow in the two directions. Depressuriza-tion is appropriate for testing the building envelope tightness toinclude the tightness of such items as backdraft dampers thatinhibit infiltration but open during a pressurization test. Com-bining the results of depressurization an
49、d pressurization mea-surements can minimize wind and stack-pressure effects oncalculating airtightness but may overestimate air leakage due tobackdraft dampers that open only under pressurization.5.5 Effects of Wind and Temperature DifferencesCalmwinds and moderate temperatures during the test improveprecision and bias. Pressure gradients over the envelope causedby inside-outside temperature differences and wind cause biasin the measurement by changing the building pressure differ-ences over the test envelope from what
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