1、Designation: E1844 08 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Specification forA Size 10 45 Smooth-Tread Friction Test Tire1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for asmooth-tread standard tire for measuring tire-pavement frictionf
3、orces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this s
4、tandard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemical Analy-sisD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic Elastomer
5、sTensionD1054 Test Method for Rubber PropertyResilience Usinga Goodyear-Healey Rebound Pendulum (Withdrawn2010)3D1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures f
6、or Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsE867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems2.2 Other Document:GriptesterGTSV1 Descriptive Booklet43. Terminology3.1 Terminology used in this specification is in accordancewith Terminology E867.4. Materials and Manufacture4
7、.1 The individual standard tires shall conform to the designstandards of Section 6. Dimensions, weights, and permissiblevariations are also given in Section 6 and Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.4.2 Tread compounding, fabric processing, and all tiremanufacturing shall be certified to ensure that the specifica-tio
8、ns are met (see Section 8).4.3 The markings on the tire, as shown in Fig. 1, shall bemolded on the sides of the tire.4.4 Fig. 1 shows a view of the tread surface and a side viewof the tire. Fig. 2 is a typical tire cross-section with criticaldimensions identified.4.5 Tire should be mounted so that i
9、t is rotated in thedirection of the arrow on the side of the tire. See Fig. 1.5. Material Requirements5.1 The compounding requirements for the tread compoundare given in Table 1.5.2 The fabric shall be Nylon, 1260/2 Denier.NOTE 1Certain proprietary products have been specified since exactduplication
10、 of properties of the finished tire may not be achieved withother similar products. This inclusion does not in any way comprise arecommendation for these proprietary products nor against similar prod-ucts of other manufacturers, nor does it imply any superiority over anysuch similar products.6. Phys
11、ical Requirements6.1 The physical and mechanical test requirements of thetread compound are given in Table 2.7. Construction, Dimensions and Permissible Variations7.1 ConstructionThe tire shall be size 10 45, tube type,two plies, nylon cord, and bias construction.1This specification is under the jur
12、isdiction ofASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.24 on Tireand Slider Characteristics.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1844 08. DOI:1
13、0.1520/E1844-08R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this histori
14、cal standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Findlay-Irvine Ltd., Bog Road, Penicuik, MidlothianEH269BU, Scotland.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17.2 DimensionsTread width shall be 51 6 2.0 mm (2.0 60.08 i
15、n.), the tread radius shall be 165 6 25 mm (6.5 6 1.0 in.),the cross-sectional width shall be 102 6 2 mm (4.0 6 0.08 in.),and the outside diameter at the centerline shall be 258 6 2mm(10.15 6 0.08 in.) when measured on a 89 mm (3.5 in.) widerim at 138 6 3 kPa (20 6 0.5 PSI). See Fig. 2 which shows t
16、heinflated dimensions of the new tire.7.3 TreadThe tread surface shall be smooth (blank) with-out any ribs or grooves. The tread shall have a thickness of 5mm (0.20 in.) and an undertread thickness of 2 6 0.5 mm (0.086 0.02 in.) at the tread centerline.7.4 Wear IndicatorsThere will be two holes mold
17、ed intothe tire tread, 5.0 mm (0.20 in.) deep and 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) indiameter. These two wear-indicators will be spaced 180 apart.8. Workmanship8.1 Tires shall be free of defects in workmanship andmaterial.9. Test Methods9.1 For information on the following, refer to the ASTMstandards listed.FIG.
18、1 Molded on Tire: 10 45 Tread ASTM Batch No.FIG. 2 Tire SectionInflated DimensionsTABLE 1 Compounding of Tread RubberAMaterial PPHRSBR 1712B89.38BR 1208C35.00Zinc oxide 3.00Stearic acid 2.00Paraffin wax 2.00N339D75.006PPDE2.00High aromatic oil 22.12TBBSF1.10DPGG0.10Sulfur 1.80ASee Practice D3182.BSt
19、yrene-butadiene rubber (23.5 % styrene) 37.5 parts of high-aromatic oil.CHigh cis-polybutadiene.DN339 Carbon Black, see Classification D1765.EDimethyl butylphenyl phenylenediamine.FButyl benzothiazole sulfenamide.GDiphenyl guanidine.TABLE 2 Physical Properties of Tread CompoundTensile Sheet Cure, mi
20、n. at 302F (150C) 30300 % modulus, psi (Test Methods D412) 1000 200Specific gravity (Test Methods D297) 1.13 0.02Tensile strength, min psi (Test Methods D412) 2000Elongation, min % (Test Methods D412) 500Tire tread durometer (Test Method D2240) 582E1844 08 (2015)29.1.1 Tensile Sheet CurePractice D31
21、82.9.1.2 Modulus (300 %)Test Methods D412.9.1.3 Tensile Sheet DurometerTest Method D2240, usinga Type A Shore Durometer.9.1.4 Restored Energy (Rebound or Resilience)TestMethod D1054.9.1.5 Specific GravityTest Method D297.9.1.6 Tensile StrengthTest Methods D412.9.1.7 ElongationTest Methods D412.9.1.8
22、 Tire Tread DurometerTest Method D2240, in addi-tion to the following specific procedures:9.1.8.1 Use a Type A Durometer. A12.7 mm (0.5 in.)diameter presser foot, a sure code XAHAF is recommended.9.1.8.2 The Durometer shall be calibrated at a reading of 60hardness.9.1.8.3 Condition the tire and duro
23、meter to equilibrium at23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) before determining tread hardness.9.1.8.4 Determine the tire tread hardness by averaging atleast one set of six readings. A set should consist of readingstaken at approximately equally spaced intervals around thetread circumference.9.1.8.5 Apply the press
24、er foot to the tire tread as rapidly aspossible without shock, keeping the foot parallel to the treadsurface. Apply just sufficient pressure to obtain firm contactbetween the presser foot and tire tread surface. Read thedurometer scale within 1 s after the presser foot is in contactwith the tread, b
25、ut after initial maximum transient which mayoccur immediately after contact is made.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision standards are currently under development.11. Certification11.1 Tires are to be inflated and measured prior to shipment.Upon request, the manufacturer shall furnish the purchaserw
26、ith certification that the test tire meets this specification.11.2 The Annex to this specification suggests a test proce-dure for determining the reliability, performance and consis-tency of the tires.11.3 All tires under certification shall be subject to themanufacturers normal variation.12. Packag
27、ing and Preservation12.1 Tires should be stored in a dry area, at a temperaturenot exceeding 32.2C (90F) and in subdued light. Tires mustnot be stored near electric motors, welders, or other ozonegenerating equipment.13. Recommendations for Tire Use and OperationalRequirements13.1 The tire was desig
28、ned for measuring tire-pavementfriction forces only and was not designed for any other use orservice.13.2 Anew tire break-in sufficient to only remove the glossytread surface is recommended before using the tire for testing.This break-in time will vary with pavement surface condition,speed, and test
29、 tire operating mode, but is normally 511 km(37 miles).13.3 The inflation pressure used in the test tire shall be 1386 3 kPa (20 6 0.5 PSI) measured at ambient temperature(cold). The maximum permitted inflation is 275 kPa (40 PSI).13.4 The recommended static test load on the test tire shallbe 21 kg
30、(46 lbs).13.5 When any irregular wear or damage results from thetesting or when the wear indicators are no longer visible, theuse of the tire as a standard friction test tire shall bediscontinued.NOTE 2Caution: The measured friction number may be influenced bytire age or tread hardness, or both. The
31、 magnitude of this dependence hasnot been exactly determined, but aging which has increased tread hardnessto 65 will influence the resultant friction forces on some types ofpavements.14. Keywords14.1 friction test tire; size 10 6, 45ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR TESTING AND
32、 DOCUMENTING MEASURING TIRESA1.1 IntroductionA1.1.1 The purpose of this procedure is to ensure that allmeasuring tires give friction readings which match the “stan-dard.” This standard is defined in terms of a referencemeasuring tire or calibration tire.A1.1.2 For continuity, there shall be three ca
33、libration tires:two in active use and one master calibration tire held in reservefor calibration tire testing. These tires are selected from thosethat have passed the standard procedure for testing withparticularly stringent conditions (see paragraph A1.4 below).A1.1.3 The three current calibration
34、tires must undergo themonthly cross-check set out in section A1.5 below.A1.1.4 All tires must be manufactured from the rubbercompound defined in Specifications E1551, E501, and E524.E1844 08 (2015)3A1.2 Incoming Goods InspectionA1.2.1 On receipt of a batch of tires from the manufacturer,every tire m
35、ust be visually examined for a batch number,rubber formulation stamp, and physical imperfections. Tiresfailing visual inspection must be returned to the manufacturer.A1.2.2 Tires which have passed visual inspection must bemarked in bright metallic paint with an individual serialnumber showing the ty
36、pe of tire, batch number, and tirenumber. For example, A-08-21. These numbers must beentered in the tire log book which will subsequently show thedate of test, whether it passed or failed, and (when appropriate)to where it was dispatched.A1.3 Running in of New TiresA1.3.1 The tires, together with th
37、eir inner tubes, must bemounted on rims and inflated to 138 6 3 kPa (20 6 1 psi) andthen run-in on a friction tester. The mileage required dependson the temperature and moisture on the road surface at the timeand varies from 5 to 11 km (3 to 7 miles), at 50 to 65 kmH(3040 mph). The tire must be cons
38、idered “run-in” when thecentral molding flash is no longer visible.A1.4 Test ProcedureA1.4.1 The mounted and run-in tires must be road-tested foraccuracy of their friction readings, according to the followingprocedure:A1.4.1.1 Test ConditionsThe test must be made accordingto the following rules:A1.4
39、.1.1.1 Tires must be tested within nine months ofmanufacture and hardness recorded.A1.4.1.1.2 All tires must be inflated to 138 6 3 kPa (20 61 psi).A1.4.1.1.3 All tires must travel at least 1 km (0.6 mile)before entering the test section, and for the last 200 metres (220yds), the surface must be wet
40、ted so that the surface is coveredwith at least 0.5 mm (.02 in.) of water.A1.4.1.1.4 A properly calibrated friction tester must beused. Comparisons must only be made between runs carriedout using the same friction tester.A1.4.1.1.5 Comparisons must only be made between runscarried out on the same da
41、y and under the same conditions ofroad state, moisture and temperature. If the ambient tempera-ture changes more than 5C (9F) or if precipitation conditionschange, the procedure must be restarted.A1.4.1.1.6 Test runs must be made ona1km(0.6 mile)length of straight road, surfaced with hot-rolled-asph
42、alt. Eachone third of each side of this test length must be regarded as aseparate test section.A1.4.2 Calculation of Calibration Friction NumbersA1.4.2.1 Because testing is carried out on surfaces whosefriction characteristics are not constant, the first stage of thetesting procedure must always be
43、to obtain a current set offriction numbers for the six test sections used.A1.4.2.2 With a calibration tire mounted, a run covering allsix test sections (that is, an outward and return run) must bemade and the average friction number for each section calcu-lated. This double run must be repeated, and
44、 the averagefriction number for each section calculated again.A1.4.2.3 By this means, two average friction numbers willhave been obtained for each of the six sections. These twoaverage friction numbers should differ by no more than 0.03.A1.4.2.4 If this condition is met, a calibration frictionnumber
45、 for each section must be formed by averaging the twoaverages for that section.A1.4.2.5 If this condition is not met, the double run mustagain be carried out until two double runs are obtained whichdo satisfy the condition.A1.4.3 Acceptance Criteria for Production TiresA1.4.3.1 With the new tire mou
46、nted, a run covering three ofthe test sections must be made and the average friction numberfor each section calculated. If the friction number for each ofthe three sections is within 0.02 of the calibration average, thetire is passed.A1.4.3.2 If at least one of the average friction numbers isnot wit
47、hin 0.02 of the calibration average but each of theaverage friction numbers is within 0.03 of the calibrationaverage, then a return run must be made; if the friction numberfor each section is again within 0.03 of the calibration average,the tire is passed.A1.4.3.3 If the reading for one section has
48、to be discarded(because of obstruction or contamination) a return run is made;five readings which are within 0.03 of the calibration averageallow the tire to be passed.A1.4.4 Acceptance criteria for calibration tires:A1.4.4.1 The calculation of the six calibration frictionnumbers described in A1.4.2
49、 must be carried out using themaster calibration tire.A1.4.4.2 With the new tire mounted, a run covering three ofthe test sections must be made and the average friction numberfor each section calculated. If the friction number for each ofthe three sections is within 0.01 of the calibration average, thetire is passed.A1.4.4.3 If the friction number for each of the three sectionsis only within 0.02 of the calibration average, a return run ismade; if the friction number for each section is again within0.02 of the calibration average, t
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