1、Designation: E1857 97 (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Guide forSelection of Cleaning Techniques for Masonry, Concrete,and Stucco Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESections 1.5, 2.1 and 3.1 were editorially corrected in July 2013.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedur
3、es for the selection andassessment of cleaning techniques for removing soiling andstaining from masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces. Removalof paints, coatings, and graffiti may require measures beyondthe scope of this guide. New construction is excluded from thescope of this guide.1.2 This guide
4、 does not purport to address the causes ofsoiling or staining or to propose remedies for recurring soilingor staining.1.3 Where work on surfaces of artistic, architectural,cultural, or historic significance is being considered, guidancefrom specialists should be sought.1.4 This guide does not purpor
5、t to address removal andreplacement of prior repairs, repair of damaged surfaces, orother irregularities that contribute to the uneven or discoloredappearance of masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parent
6、heses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
7、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC1232 Terminology of MasonryD4262 Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned or EtchedConcrete SurfacesE631 Termin
8、ology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,see Terminology C119, C1232,orE631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coatingclear or pigmented surface treatment appliedfor aesthetic improvement, enhanced durability, or ot
9、her pur-pose.3.2.2 contaminanta foreign substance not intentionallyintroduced to a surface.3.2.3 muriatic acidcommercial grades of hydrochloricacid that often contain iron impurities.3.2.4 nebulized water spraycleaning with a mist of waterfrom fine nozzles.3.2.5 poulticecleaning systems composed of
10、one or moreliquids mixed with powder to form a paste.3.2.6 soilinga deposit of finely divided particulate matteror other contaminants adhered to the surface.3.2.7 soiling crustaccumulation of soiling into a hardenedlayer at the surface. Partial or complete detachment of the crustmay damage the subst
11、rate.3.2.8 staininga contaminant that has penetrated the sur-face.3.2.9 surfacethe exposed face of masonry, concrete, orstucco.4. Significance and Use4.1 Cleaning of masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces isundertaken for a variety of reasons including aestheticimprovement, removal of contaminants,
12、maintenance, andsurface preparation. This guide provides for selecting, testing,and evaluating cleaning techniques for removal of soiling andstaining.4.2 Cleaning systems may adversely affect both buildingmaterials being cleaned as well as other materials, mechanical,1This guide is under the jurisdi
13、ction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E185
14、7 97 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/E1857-97R13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Intern
15、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1electrical, and other building systems, and building exterior,interior, and site features.4.3 In some situations, it may be prudent to spot clean or tonot clean.4.4 It should be noted that, in some cases, cl
16、eaning may beinconsistent with the goals of historic preservation.5. Identification and Characterization of SubstrateNOTE 1The substrate should be identified and characterized before acleaning method is selected. Building records and any other relevanthistoric sources should be reviewed for informat
17、ion about the substrateand any previous treatments that might affect the proposed cleaningprocess.5.1 Substrate samples should be analyzed to describe thefollowing characteristics:5.1.1 Mineralogical composition of major constituents,5.1.2 Microtexture,5.1.3 Water solubility,5.1.4 Acid solubility,5.
18、1.5 Water absorption, and5.1.6 Soluble salt content.NOTE 2ASTM describes specific test methods for each masonry type.Judgment should be used to select the current test method appropriate tothe proposed cleaning project. Tests may be modified to accommodate thenumber and size of available samples.6.
19、Identification of Soiling and Staining6.1 Identification of the composition of soiling or stainingpresent on surfaces to be cleaned will assist in determiningappropriate cleaning techniques for testing. This may beaccomplished through laboratory testing. Cleaning techniquesshould always be further e
20、valuated in test areas.7. Selection Criteria7.1 Performance goals for cleaning masonry, concrete, orstucco surfaces should be established prior to selection of thecleaning technique.7.2 Selection of cleaning techniques shall be based on thefollowing factors:7.2.1 The level of cleanness desired,7.2.2
21、 The effectiveness of the cleaning system,7.2.3 Adverse effects to the surfaces, substrates and relatedcomponents, and adjacent surfaces,7.2.4 Environmental concerns, such as human exposure andthe collection, neutralization, and disposal of cleaning residueand run-off, and7.2.5 Other practical consi
22、derations such as time and costfactors.8. Cleaning TechniquesNOTE 3The following cleaning techniques are not necessarily listed inorder of aggressiveness. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide todetermine the advantages and disadvantages of the various cleaningprocedures as they relate
23、to the surfaces being cleaned. Wheneverpossible, contact the masonry, concrete, or stucco manufacturers andsuppliers, the cleaning product manufacturers, and the cleaning equipmentmanufacturers to determine compatibility. Specialists may also be con-sulted.8.1 Water Cleaning, relies on the ability o
24、f water todissolve, swell, and loosen soiling and staining, enabling theirremoval from the surface. Mechanical scrubbing may enhanceremoval when staining is deeply deposited.8.1.1 The effectiveness of water cleaning is influenced bythe following factors:8.1.1.1 Pressure Rating, refers to the gauge p
25、ressure mea-sured at the nozzle of the cleaning equipment. Equipmentcapable of generating a pressure of 100 to 3000 psi (0.7 to 20MPa) is commonly used. Surfaces and substrates can bedamaged by abrasion. Testing should determine the minimumeffective pressure. The location of the pump with respect to
26、 thenozzle can affect the pressure rating.8.1.1.2 Water Flow RateWater supplied by the pump tothe rinsing apparatus measured in gallons per minute (gpm) orlitres per minute (L/min). Pumps delivering 1.5 gpm (3.8L/min) may be used effectively in cleaning operations thatrequire containment or control
27、of effluent. More efficientcleaning is generally achieved with equipment providing a flowrate of 4 to 8 gpm (15 to 30 L/min).8.1.1.3 Spray Tip, determines the size and configuration ofthe water spray delivered to the substrate. Fan-type spray tipsproducing 15 to 40 fan spray patterns have proven mos
28、teffective for cleaning masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces.Laser tips, 0 tips, or fan spray tips with less than 15 spraypatterns produce a concentrated stream of water that maydamage surfaces. Rotating spray heads that produce a scouringaction may also damage surfaces. Care must be taken to keep
29、the spray tip as far from the surface as possible to provideeffective cleaning. Water from a spray tip held 3 ft (0.9 m) fromthe substrate may have no adverse effect on the surface but mayremove the surface of the substrate when held 6 in. (150 mm)from the wall.8.1.2 Water Cleaning Methods:8.1.2.1 N
30、ebulized Water SprayEffective for removal ofsoiling or other deposits from surfaces that could not withstandhigh pressure water or abrasive cleaning techniques.8.1.2.2 Pressure Water SprayEffective for removal ofloosely adhered soiling.8.1.3 LimitationsProblems associated with water cleaninginclude
31、intrusion of water into interior spaces, brown stainingwhen iron-containing minerals are present, and the encourage-ment of biological growth. When water pressures areexcessive, the surface can be abraded. Metal tools should notbe used as scrubbing implements.8.2 Chemical Cleaning, relies on chemica
32、l reaction todissolve, capture, or mobilize soiling or staining. Chemicalcleaning utilizies detergents, organic solvents, acids, and alka-lis. Cleaning compounds, which are often proprietary products,are available as water-thin liquids and as thickened gels.Poultices can be used for removal of stain
33、s. Use of a chemicalin conjunction with water washing reduces both the chemicalconcentrations and the water volume required. In most cases,chemical cleaning should be preceded and followed by thor-ough water rinsing. Poultices enhance removal when stainingis deeply deposited.NOTE 4Application freque
34、ntly involves use of proprietary chemicalcleaning compounds. Products should be used in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations for suitability, protection, dilution,application, surface contact times, and rinsing procedures.E1857 97 (2013)128.2.1 Chemical Types:8.2.1.1 DetergentsSuitable f
35、or removal of dust, dirt, watersoluble surface contaminants, oil, grease, and other emulsifi-able staining materials. Water-detergent solutions can beacidic, alkaline, or pH neutral. Neutral pH detergents aresometimes referred to as nonionic.8.2.1.2 Organic SolventsSuitable for removal of caulkingco
36、mpound residues, oils, grease, bituminous materials, andother stains that are not soluble in water.NOTE 5Organic solvents are frequently flammable and combustible.They must be used in accordance with all applicable safety and environ-mental regulations concerning flammable, toxic, and combustible ma
37、teri-als.8.2.1.3 AcidsSuitable for removal of dust, dirt, watersoluble surface contaminants, oil, grease, soot, fly ash, hydro-carbon residues, biological growth, and stains due to pollutedenvironments. When using acidic cleaners, care must be takento ensure complete removal or neutralization of aci
38、dic residuesafter the cleaning process. This is done by measuring thesurface pH in accordance with Test Method D4262. Whenevaluating surface pH, the pH of the substrate prior to cleaningand that of the rinse water must be considered. Alkalineneutralizing rinses are sometimes used in conjunction with
39、acidic cleaners. The resulting salts should be removed byrinsing with water. In addition to surface pH, the ion content ofthe rinse water can be monitored.8.2.1.4 AlkalisSuitable for removal of dust, dirt, watersoluble surface contaminants, oil, grease, soot, fly ash, hydro-carbon residues, grease,
40、biological growth, and stains due topolluted environments. When using alkaline chemicals, caremust be taken to ensure complete removal or neutralization ofalkaline residues after the cleaning process. This is done bymeasuring surface pH in accordance with Test Method D4262.When evaluating surface pH
41、, the pH of the substrate prior tocleaning and of the rinse water must be considered. Acidicneutralizing rinses are sometimes used in conjunction withalkaline cleaners. The resulting salts should be removed byrinsing with water. In addition to surface pH, the ion content ofthe rinse water can be mon
42、itored.8.2.2 Limitations:8.2.2.1 All limitations associated with the use of watercleaning should be considered for chemical cleaning.8.2.2.2 When pressure rinsing equipment is used in con-junction with chemical cleaning compounds, attention must begiven to selecting appropriate equipment. Care must
43、be takento use sufficient water to remove all chemical residues anddissolved soiling and staining from the surfaces.8.2.2.3 Acidic cleaners applied to polished surfaces mayreduce or remove the polish.8.2.2.4 Fluoride-based cleaners may etch or otherwise dam-age glass, ceramic, aluminum, and other me
44、tallic materials.8.2.2.5 Chemical reaction with adjacent surfaces may resultfrom direct contact of the acidic cleaning solution or by vaporsfrom the cleaning solution.8.2.2.6 Acids containing chlorides may contribute to corro-sion of ferrous materials that are within or adjacent to thesubstrate. Alk
45、alis may damage aluminum and other metallicmaterials.8.2.2.7 In most instances, a chemical cleaner should not beapplied with pressurized equipment. Such an application mayforce chemicals deep within the surface of the masonry that aredifficult to remove and may adversely affect the surface. Suchan a
46、pplication may result in an unintended dispersion ofchemicals.8.2.2.8 Metal tools should not be used as scrubbing imple-ments.8.3 Abrasive Cleaning, relies on the mechanical applicationof a material to remove soiling or stains from a substrate.8.3.1 Types of Abrasive Cleaning:8.3.1.1 Mechanical Scru
47、bbing, is effective for removal ofsurface dust and debris deposited on or loosely adhered tosurfaces.8.3.1.2 Wet Abrasion, is effective for removal of a variety oftypes of soiling. Wet abrasion combines the dirt softening andrinsing properties of water with the ability of abrasive materialsto erode
48、soiling from the surface. Wet abrasion reducesairborne matter, allows greater control of abrasive materialsduring the cleaning process, and may reduce the time requiredto achieve the desired level of cleaning.8.3.1.3 Dry Abrasion, is effective for removal of a variety oftypes of soiling. Abrasive gr
49、it is applied with air pressure toerode soiling matter from treated surfaces. Select the leastdamaging abrasive materials and lowest air pressure sufficientfor cleaning.8.3.1.4 Sanding/grinding, is effective for removal of avariety of surface soiling.8.3.2 LimitationsIf the surface is to be retained, abrasivecleaning may not be appropriate. Care must be taken to avoiddamage by airborne dust depositing on or entering into treatedand adjacent properties or mechanical systems and to avoidexcessive erosion of surfaces. Abrasive cleaning should neverbe per
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