1、Designation: E 1890 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forValidating New Area Reference Skid Measurement Systemsand Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1890; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers validating area reference skid mea-surement systems (ARSMS) and related equipment. T
3、hesesystems have been used since 1976 to evaluate and correlateTest Method E 274 skid measurement systems used primarilyas a pavement management tool by state Departments ofTransportation. Also, this guide provides guidelines for therevalidation process following the replacement of componentswithin
4、an ARSMS.1.2 This guide is offered as a process to identify andquantify the variables that affect system performance, tominimize the effect of these variables, and to provide a methodof validating a newARSMS to replace an existingARSMS thathas provided quality correlation data for a very long time.1
5、.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard since the ARSMS will be compared with statedepartments of transportation systems that all currently useinch-pound units. The SI values given in parentheses areprovided for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport t
6、o address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 274 Te
7、st Method for Skid Resistance of Paved SurfacesUsing a Full-Scale TireE 501 Specification for Rib Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance TestsE 556 Test Method for Calibrating a Wheel Force or TorqueTransducer Using a Calibration Platform (User Level)E 867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
8、F 377 Practice for Calibration of Braking/Tractive Measur-ing Devices for Testing TiresF 457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration ofFifth Wheel Equipped With Either Analog or DigitalInstrumentation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used in this guide conforms to thedefinitions
9、 in Terminology E 867.4. Summary of Guide4.1 There are three phases to the process of validating newARSMS equipment. Phase One is the calibration of all theequipment and instrumentation to be used in this process.Phase Two addresses the variables associated with the deter-mination of a skid number (
10、SN) and attempts to quantify theimpact that each variable may have upon the accurate deter-mination of an SN. Phase Three is the dynamic validationprocess, based upon the variables confirmed in Phase Two.4.2 The approach is based upon Test Method E 274 but withmuch narrower tolerances and greater co
11、ntrol of the manypotential variables. The extra effort is required since theproducts are measurement tools which will be used to evaluatethe variety of Test Method E 274 systems.4.3 It is anticipated that the SN data produced by the twoexisting ARSMS and the SN data produced by each of the newARSMS
12、will have no significant difference.4.4 The following three-phase procedural guide identifiesthe individual components or pieces, the evaluation process foreach item, and the expected results.5. Significance and Use5.1 Friction characteristics of traveled surfaces are moni-tored by skid measurement
13、systems, and the operating proce-dure for the use of these systems is Test Method E 274.However, dynamic measurement differences between thesesystems, that comply with the requirements of Test MethodE 274, require that each of these systems be correlated to eachother system. The most effective appro
14、ach to accomplish thiscorrelation is to compare each system to a singular, highlyaccurate system, or to a very limited number (two or three) of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.21 on FieldMetho
15、ds for Measuring Tire Pavement Friction.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1890 - 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
16、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.systems, in a controlled environment. The ARSMSs weredesigned
17、to be such systems. Fig. 1 depicts a skid measurementsystem and shows the general location of the major compo-nents.5.2 This guide defines the process of ensuring that theARSMSs continue to accomplish their intended purpose.6. Apparatus6.1 Voltmeter(s), capable of accurate measurement of linevoltage
18、 and dc voltages common in strain gage instrumenta-tion.6.2 Thermometer, to monitor temperature within the truckcab during static calibrations.6.3 Load Cell, National Institute of Science and Technologytraceable, 1000 lb (4448 N) and 2000 lb (8900 N) ranges arerequired in accordance with Practice F
19、377.6.4 Distance/Velocity Measurement System, required in ac-cordance with Test Method F 457.6.5 Tachometer, to determine and monitor the speed of thewater pump during calibration of the water system.6.6 Water Volume Measurement System, to calibrate thewater pumping ability of the water system. Cons
20、ists of: acollector to capture all water pumped during a fixed timeinterval, a device to measure the volume of water pumped, astopwatch, and a method to operate the water pump at variousspeeds.6.7 Static Water Distribution Gage, SDG, a collector, set atthe roadway level, that is divided into 22 sect
21、ions of equalwidth,58 in. (16 mm), so that each section catches water fromthe water nozzle and feeds it into a separate reservoir andviewing tube thus allowing the water nozzle distribution to beevaluated.6.8 Multiple-Event Timer, to determine the cycle time of thewater delivery, brake apply, wheel
22、lock-up, data averaging, andbrake release events. Timer must have an accuracy of 60.001s.6.9 Recorder, to record vehicle speed, 60.1 mph (0.2km/h), versus time.6.10 Infrared Photo-Electric Trigger System, capable ofactivating the brake apply circuitry in a repeatable manner.7. Phase One7.1 All ARSMS
23、s shall meet all requirements of the currentversion of Test Method E 274.7.2 Calibration of the Force Plate and Air Bearing Plat-form:7.2.1 Calibrate both axes of the calibration platform undersimultaneous load conditions in accordance with Section 6 ofTest Method F 377, with the following modificat
24、ions:7.2.1.1 Calibrate traction through a range from 0 to 800 lb(3560 N). (See 6.3.4 of Test Method F 377.)7.2.1.2 Crosstalk shall be less than 0.5 % of the appliedload. (See 6.3.4 of Test Method F 377.)7.2.1.3 Use the reference load cell to calibrate the verticalload axis of the platform with zero
25、traction force. Repeat usingan applied traction force of 500 lb (2225 N). (See 6.3.10 of TestMethod F 377.)7.2.2 Adjust platform instrumentation zero and span toindicate correct values from National Institute of Science andTechnology traceable load cells. Record calibration values.7.2.3 Repeat the p
26、latform calibration two more times toverify repeatability, within tolerance specified in 7.2.1 or TestMethod F 377 whichever is less.7.3 Towing Vehicle:7.3.1 Perform maintenance, as required, to ensure the towtruck is dependable and capable of functioning to minimize anydelays to the program. Determ
27、ine the normal load distributionof the truck and maintain this distribution during this process,within the range of fuel and water load variation. Determinethe hitch height, with the trailer connected and14 tank of water,and repeat this measurement with a full tank of water. Themeasured difference i
28、n hitch height with full water versus14water should not exceed 2 in. (50 mm).7.3.2 Determine the effect of engine speed on systemelectronics such as excitation voltage, amplifier outputs, andnoise. The system electronics must not be affected by enginer/min, and any electrical noise problems must be
29、eliminated orthese effects minimized and documented.7.3.3 Determine the effect of cabin temperature upon thesystem electronics. Use the trucks heating and air conditioningsystem, combined with outside ambient air temperature, toFIG. 1 Skid Measurement SystemE 1890 01 (2006)2vary the cabin temperatur
30、e from 60 to 90F (15 to 32C).Document the temperature stability of the system, and if cabintemperature does affect the fidelity of the system electronics,eliminate or minimize the effect.7.4 Trailer:7.4.1 Set the weight distribution of the trailer at 1085 6 5lb(4828 6 22 N), per wheel, with the tong
31、ue weight of 150 6 25lb (667 6 111 N). Tire pressure is 24 6 0.5 psi (165 6 3 kPa)cold.7.4.2 Determine the temperature stability of the transduceroutputs. Record the zero, gain, and calibration voltage output,both traction and load, with the transducer and instrumentationsystem energized for one hou
32、r but with the brakes and tires atambient conditions. Run 24 wet and 10 dry slide tests to putheat into the transducer. Stop, following the last dry slide, waitfive minutes, and recheck the transducer zero, gain, andcalibration voltage. Minimize and document any effect oftransducer temperature upon
33、transducer outputs.7.5 Distance and Velocity Measurement Device:7.5.1 If the distance and velocity measurement device usedto generate speed and distance data for the skid system is aseparate subsystem, calibrate this subsystem in accordancewith Test Method F 457 standards with the following modifi-c
34、ation:7.5.1.1 All three speed calibration runs must agree with thecalibrated speed within 60.2 mph (0.3 km/h). (See 6.4.2 ofTest Method F 457.)7.5.2 If the truck drivetrain is normally used to generatespeed and distance data for the skid system, its outputs must becalibrated and adjusted to match th
35、at of a calibrated distanceand velocity device. The truck and trailer are to be loaded totheir normal load condition with tire pressures set at theirrecommended inflation pressure cold. Select a high-qualitydistance and velocity measurement device, calibrated to TestMethod F 457 standards, to be use
36、d to calibrate the on-boarddistance and velocity measurement system. Run a measuredmile and adjust the device to obtain 5280 6 5 ft (1609 6 1.5m) distance at each calibrated speed: 20, 40, and 60 mph (32,64, and 97 km/h). Repeat the process two more times at eachspeed. The distance outputs must repe
37、at within 65 ft (1.5 m)on all runs. The speed output of the drivetrain device mustagree with the calibrated speed output within 60.2 mph (0.3km/h).NOTE 1If a fifth wheel is selected, ensure that it has been balancedand has minimal radial run out. The fifth-wheel mount should bepositioned such that t
38、he fifth-wheel frame is horizontal in the downposition. Prior to the calibration, set the fifth-wheel tire pressure inaccordance with the manufacturer,s recommendations, and warm-up thesystem for 5 miles (8 km) at 40 mph (64 km/h).7.6 Water System:7.6.1 Determine the water pump driven speeds at 20,
39、40,and 60 mph (32, 64, and 97 km/h) with normal truck loadingconditions:7.6.1.1 Full fuel and water loads,7.6.1.2 Distance and velocity measurement device installed,7.6.1.3 Cold tire pressures set, and7.6.1.4 Air shock pressure set.7.6.2 Operate the truck at calibrated speeds of 20, 40, and 60mph (3
40、2, 64, and 97 km/h) to obtain the water pump drivenspeed for each corrected speed.NOTE 2The transmission must be in the gear normally used for skidtesting.7.6.3 Using the water volume measurement system, deter-mine that the quantity of water delivered matches Test MethodE 274 requirements within 65
41、%, instead of 610 %, under allconditions. Run three repeats at each of the three water pumpspeeds, equating to 20, 40, and 60 mph (32, 64, and 97 km/h),with a full water tank for the water quantity tests. Run threerepeats at each water pump speed with a14 full water tank.Repeatability is to be withi
42、n 5 % of the average.7.6.4 Determine that the position of the water nozzle meetsthe geometry requirements of Test Method E 274.7.6.5 If the system uses a movable water nozzle, actuate thewater nozzle positioning system three times and measurenozzle angle, ground clearance, tire/nozzle center alignme
43、nt,and water to ground contact point each time to determine thatthe system repeatedly places the nozzle correctly.7.6.6 Using the static water distribution gage, determine thedistribution of water at each of the three water pump speeds.Make three runs at each speed. Take pictures of the static water
44、distribution gage following each run to check for repeatability.The difference between any two column readings shall notexceed 10 % of the maximum column height.7.7 Cycle TimingUsing timing equipment capable of ac-curate measurements of 0.001 s, determine the cycle time andsequence of the water deli
45、very, brake apply, wheel lock-up,data averaging, and brake release events. Repeat two moretimes to determine repeatability within 0.01 s.7.8 Tires:7.8.1 Select sufficient quantity of Specification E 501 tiresincluding spares, as dictated by the test matrix developedelsewhere in this guide, to conduc
46、t the correlation. The tiresmust be from the same batch and be selected on the basis oftheir ability to meet the nominal values of the specifications inSpecification E 501.7.8.2 Mount, balance, and break-in tires in accordance withTest Method E 274.7.8.3 Mark the tires with a radial sidewall stripe
47、to assist indetermining lock-up, and number each tire. Record all tire databy tire number for later reference.7.9 Wheel Transducer Calibration:7.9.1 Calibrate both axes of the wheel transducer in accor-dance with Test Method E 556 with the following modifica-tions:7.9.1.1 Tolerance on crosstalk is 0
48、.5 % instead of 1 %. (See7.4.1 in Test Method E 556.)7.9.1.2 If the traction crosstalk into load measurementrequires transducer rotation, the load crosstalk into tractionmust be rechecked. (See 7.4.1 in Test Method E 556.)7.9.1.3 Minimizing traction crosstalk into load has priorityover load crosstal
49、k into traction. (See 7.4.1 in Test MethodE 556.)7.9.1.4 Nonlinearity and hystersis of wheel transducer loadand traction values must not exceed 0.5 % of maximum appliedload, above 200 lb (890 N). (See 8.10 in Test Method E 556.)E 1890 01 (2006)37.9.1.5 Calibration of the traction output must span 0800 lb(3560 N) with an initial vertical load of 1085 6 5 lb (4828 622 N). Repeat the traction calibration with the vertical load at1250 6 5 lb (5562 6 22 N). (See 8.11 in Test Method E 556.)NOTE 3Repeat each step of the calibration process two more times toverify repeatabilit
copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库（www.mydoc123.com）网站版权所有
备案/许可证编号：苏ICP备17064731号-1