1、Designation: E 2013 06Standard Practice forConstructing FAST Diagrams and Performing FunctionAnalysis During Value Analysis Study1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2013; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a logical structure for the functionanalysis of a building project or process
3、1.2 This practice provides a system to identify unnecessarycosts of a project.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
4、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminolo
5、gy of Building EconomicsE 1557 Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE 1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminologies E 631 and E
6、833.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides an organized approach for deter-mining the needs and desires of the owners/users/stakeholdersduring the Value Analysis (VA) of a project. These needs anddesires are presented as functions of the project.4.2 This practice establishes a logical proc
7、edure for allocat-ing cost to each function.4.3 Function analysis helps design professionals justify thevalue of their concepts. It also provides the owners/users/stakeholders with a justification of their investments.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice establishes a communication formatthrough
8、 which all owners/users/stakeholders can understand,analyze, revise, and agree on the purposes of the project. Thispractice presents a method by which owners/users/stakeholders needs and desires are compared to the cost tosatisfy those needs and desires. This is done by identifying thelow preference
9、/high cost functions and high preference/lowcost functions. These data will be used in the value analysisstudy as a basis to create alternative solutions.5.2 This practice helps developers, owners, users, stake-holders, planners, contractors, architects, engineers, value ana-lysts, cost professional
10、s, and any one who is responsible for thebudget, construction, maintenance, or operation of the project.5.3 A Practice E 1699 has been published. As part of thevalue analysis study, perform function analysis after thecollection of relevant information and prior to the identificationof alternatives.
11、Function Analysis Systems Technique (FAST)data helps the user identify the alternatives that are highlyvalued with respect to their cost.6. Procedure6.1 Function analysis consists of five sequential steps: (1)select a building component, (2) define the needs and desires(functions), (3) classify func
12、tions, (4) allocate cost to eachfunction, and (5) analyze the importance and expected perfor-mance level of the functions.6.2 Selection of a Building ComponentFor cost-effectiveness, select building components that offer a signifi-cant opportunity for improvement of performance, reduction incost, or
13、 both.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1
14、999 as E 2013 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.3 Definition of Needs and Desires (Functions)Defineeach significant need or desire of the owners/users/stakeholdersin two words using an active verb and a descriptive noun. Thetwo-word definitions are the functions of the proje
16、ct.6.4 Classification of FunctionsCategorize the functions ofthe building component as basic (essential to meet the owners/users/stakeholders needs) or supporting (enhances the satis-faction of the owners/users/stakeholders needs and desires).6.5 Distribution of Cost to FunctionsDivide cost of eachc
17、omponent into smaller sections based on the specific use ofthe project and distribute cost to each function.6.6 Analysis of Functions:6.6.1 Analyze functions through a structured logical formatcalled Function Analysis Systems Technique (FAST). FAST isa diagramming technique which specifically illust
18、rates therelationships and interrelationships of all functions within aspecific project using a “How-Why” logic pattern. There aretwo FAST variations.6.6.2 One variation, known as Technical FAST, develops acritical path to define the basic needs of the project. Thisdiagram helps the user calculate t
19、he ratio of total cost to criticalfunctions.36.6.2.1 Technical FAST diagramming is effective in a spe-cific situation or element within a project. The situation orelement is an assembly or a portion of a construction design.Terms or functions are oriented to technical activities. ATechnical FAST dia
20、gram has a specific structural form (Fig. 1).6.6.2.2 There are four important concepts in a TechnicalFAST diagram:1. 9How-Why9 Logic Questions2. Scope LineHigher Order FunctionBasic FunctionRequired Secondary FunctionsCausative Function3Certification Examination Guidelines, SAVE International, Dayto
21、n, OH.FIG. 1 Function Analysis Systems Technique (Technical FAST)E20130623. Critical Functions4. Supporting FunctionsDesign ObjectivesAll The Time FunctionsCaused-by/Same-time Functions6.6.2.3 Function analysis requires analyzing why a functionexists and how a function satisfies other functions to c
22、ompletethe link between them. This “How-Why” logic assures that allthe required functions are listed in the FAST diagram.46.6.2.4 Begin the Technical FAST diagramming with ahigher order function of the project and two scope lines. Allfunctions that the selected element fulfills are bounded by thetwo
23、 scope lines. The basic function is on the right of theleft-hand scope line, and the higher order function is on the left.The purpose of the element or project for which a FASTdiagram is developed is the higher order function. The rela-tionship between the higher order function and the basicfunction
24、 is determined by asking “Why” the basic functioncandidate performs as it does. The answer should be the higherorder function. The logic check must be completed by asking“How” the higher order function performs. The logical answermust be the basic function candidate. It is still necessary toconfirm
25、the required secondary function to the left of theright-hand scope line. When the “How” question is asked ofthis function, the answer will be an outside function candidate.The outside function is called the causative function, since itreally starts the critical functions.6.6.2.5 Determining the basi
26、c function often requires select-ing functions from the list of suggestions and applying the“How” and “Why” questions. If the “Why” question isanswered by another identified function, that function is thenext candidate for the basic function. The function to the rightbecomes a required secondary fun
27、ction. Once the basic func-tion is verified, the remaining required secondary functions areidentified. This group makes up the critical functions.6.6.2.6 The last group of functions is supporting functions.There are three types. The first type, caused by or same timefunctions, connects directly to a
28、 critical function. These func-tions result from the performance characteristics of particularcritical functions and act as modifiers. The second type,all-the-time functions, modifies two or more of the criticalfunctions. The third type, design objectives, represents speci-fications that are added t
29、o the design, often by the stakeholderor group that is developing or operating the process.6.6.3 The second variation, known as Task-oriented FAST,creates distinct functions for owners/users/stakeholders con-cerns and is always headed by four primary functions: (1)assure dependability, (2) assure co
30、nvenience, (3) satisfyowners/users/stakeholders, and (4) attract owners/users/stakeholders.6.6.3.1 The Task-oriented FAST diagram logically displaysthe owners/users/stakeholders needs and desires (see Fig. 2).Task-oriented FAST diagramming is especially effective in theplanning or conceptual phase.
31、Use conceptual layout andbuilding plans to develop these FAST diagrams.6.6.3.2 There are four parts to the Task-oriented FASTdiagram:1. Task2. Basic FunctionsPrimarySecondary3. Supporting FunctionsAssure DependabilityAssure ConvenienceSatisfy Owners/Users/StakeholdersAttract Owners/Users/Stakeholder
32、s4. Classify FunctionsPrimarySecondaryTertiary6.6.3.3 The first step is to determine the task. The tasksatisfies the overall needs of the stakeholder. Establish a scopeline just to the right of the task. Functions that answer “whyperform the task” lie outside of the scope.6.6.3.4 The second step is
33、to separate the identified func-tions into basic and supporting functions. Basic functions arethose which are essential to the performance of the task.Without the primary basic functions, the project or process willnot work.6.6.3.5 The third step is to group the remaining functionsinto the four prim
34、ary supporting function groups. Supportingfunctions play an important role in a building. Structuralengineers, for instance, concentrate primarily on the basicfunctions, with heavy emphasis on the primary supportingfunction Assure Dependability. Mechanical engineers andelectrical engineers pay more
35、attention to the supportingfunction Assure Convenience, while architects ideas satisfythe basic and supporting functions Satisfy Owners/Users/Stakeholders and Attract Owners/Users/Stakeholders.6.6.4 Assure DependabilityAny function that assures de-pendability has at least one of the following attrib
36、utes:6.6.4.1 Makes the elements of the project stronger or morereliable or effective,6.6.4.2 Makes it safer to use,6.6.4.3 Lengthens the life of the parts or minimizes main-tenance cost, or both, and6.6.4.4 Protects the environment.6.6.5 Assure ConvenienceAny function that assures con-venience has a
37、t least one of the following attributes:6.6.5.1 Modifies the basic function to make it convenient touse,6.6.5.2 Enhances spatial arrangements,6.6.5.3 Facilitates maintenance and repairs, and6.6.5.4 Furnishes instructions and directions to owners/users/stakeholders.6.6.6 Satisfy Owners/Users/Stakehol
38、dersAny functionthat satisfies owners/users/stakeholders has at least one of thefollowing attributes:6.6.6.1 Modifies the basic function to satisfy the individualdesires,6.6.6.2 Makes the stakeholders life more pleasant; forexample, minimizes noise, and4“Function Analysis-The Stepping Stone to Good
39、Value,” Snodgrass, Thomas J.and Kasi, Muthiah, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1983.E20130636.6.6.3 Makes the element appear to be better in the opinionof the stakeholder, but not necessarily in the opinion of thedesigner. (Sometimes these opinions are reflected in the stan-dards and specification
40、s of a particular agency/owner.)6.6.7 Attract Owners/Users/StakeholdersAny functionthat attracts owners/users/stakeholders and has at least one ofthe following attributes:6.6.7.1 Emphasizes the visual aspect (sight) or other senses,and6.6.7.2 Projects a favorable image (that is, trademarks orendorse
41、ment by public figures).6.6.8 The fourth step is to classify the functions as primary,secondary, or tertiary.6.6.8.1 The link between the task and basic functions is thesequence of the logical question “How-Why.” The “How-Why” concepts must work between the selected task and theprimary basic functio
42、ns. These primary basic functions areinterdependent and both are essential to the performance of thetask.6.6.8.2 Once the primary basic functions have been identi-fied, the question “How” can be asked of each of the primarybasic functions. Functions that answer the question “How” willbe found in the
43、 expanding branches. These are the secondarybasic functions. There must be two or more secondary basicfunctions to justify branching from the primary function.6.6.8.3 In a similar manner, the secondary supporting func-tions branch to the right from the primary supporting functionswhen the question “
44、How” is applied. Again, there must be twoor more secondary functions to justify branching.6.6.8.4 This rule also affects further branching off to thethird (tertiary) level. Usually, the tertiary level completes thebranching basic functions. The end of the branching is obtainedwhen the hardware descr
45、iption or action is the noun of thefunction. The branches must also satisfy the “Why” question inthe opposite direction, that is, logic check.6.6.9 Cost Estimate:6.6.9.1 Obtain cost estimates for the proposed buildingcomponents and related sitework. Classification E 1557 pro-vides a useful format fo
46、r allocating cost to functions.6.6.10 Function Cost:6.6.10.1 Most components of a building have more than onefunction to satisfy. Distribute cost of each component to eachFIG. 2 Function Analysis System Technique (Task-Oriented FAST)E2013064one of these functions, proportionate to their time cost. U
47、se theelemental format, UNIFORMAT II, for the development ofcost estimates. This expedites the completion of function costs.Allocate all life-cycle costs, including first cost, operation costand maintenance cost.6.6.10.2 When cost is distributed to all functions, review thetotal distribution. In the
48、 Technical FAST, the ratio of total costto the cost of critical functions is called the value index. Thevalue index varies from 1.5 to 6.0. As this ratio gets higher, theopportunity to reduce cost is higher for the selected compo-nent. A value index of 1.5 means a very basic design withminimum cost
49、of supporting functions. If most of the total costis spent on critical functions, the value index is approximately1.5. The construction of a fast food restaurant, for example,will have a value index around 1.5, whereas a luxuriousrestaurant may have a value index much higher than the fastfood restaurant.6.6.10.3 In Task-Oriented FAST, the ratio of basic to sup-porting functions indicates how basic the project or componentis designed. Opportunity to improve value depends upon theunderstanding and willingness of the owners/users/stakeholders to accept the fin
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