1、Designation: E2014 11E2014 17Standard Guide onMetallographic Laboratory Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide outlines the basic safety guidelines to be used in a metallographic laboratory. Safe working habits are discussedfor various tasks performed
3、 in a metallographic laboratory.1.2 The sections appear in the following order:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4General 5Heat Treating 6Specimen Preparation/Sectioning 7Specimen Mounting 8Mechanical Grinding/Polishing 9Chemical Safety 10Electrolytic Polishing/Et
4、ching 11Sulfur Printing 12Laboratory Ventilation/Fume Hoods 13Chemical Spills 14Photography 15X ray/Electron Microscopy 16Laboratory Ergonomics 17Disposal of Residues 18Keywords 191.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the res
5、ponsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in t
6、he Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic SpecimensE7 Terminology Relatin
7、g to MetallographyE340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE407 Practice for Microetching Metals and AlloysE883 Guide for ReflectedLight PhotomicrographyE1180 Practice for Preparing Sulfur Prints for Macrostructural EvaluationE1558 Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic Specimens2
8、.2 ANSI Standard:3ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 Laboratory Ventelation1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.17 on Criteria for MetallographicLaboratory Evaluation and Safety.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011June 1, 201
9、7. Published December 2011July 2017. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asE2014 05.E2014 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2014-11.10.1520/E2014-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
10、 Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to p
11、rovide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof t
12、he standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 NFPA Standard:4NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using ChemicalsNFPA 70E Standard for El
13、ectrical Safety in the Workplace3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll terms used in this guide are either defined in Terminology E7 or are discussed in 3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 agreement statea government body that has been granted regulatory authority over by-product
14、materials andradiation-producing devices by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended as a summary of safety practices in the metallography laboratory. It can be used as a training referencefor those new to the field of metallography an
15、d as a refresher to those who are experienced.4.2 This guide is not intended to be inclusive of all safety concerns encountered in a metallographic laboratory. Several booksthat provide safety information are available (1-1415).54.3 Before operating any equipment, it is advisable to read and underst
16、and the accompanying manuals and to follow anyspecified safety guidelines.4.4 Material safety Safety data sheets (MSDS)(SDS) for chemicals being used in a laboratory should be on file and readilyaccessible. When working with any chemicals, especially for the first time, one should review the MSDSSDS
17、 supplied by themanufacturer and follow any safety guidelines suggested. The most current and applicable MSDSSDS should be on file for a givenproduct or chemical.5. General5.1 Before operating any equipment, read and understand the accompanying manuals and follow any specified safety guidelines.5.2
18、It is strongly recommended to read and understand Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)(SDS) for chemicals used in thelaboratory. When working with any chemical, especially for the first time, review the MSDSSDS supplied by the manufacturer andfollow any safety and environmental guidelines provided. Ea
19、ch laboratory is responsible for ensuring that the MSDSSDS theyaccess is up-to-date.5.3 Easily accessible emergency eyewash and showers are required where chemicals are manipulated and used. stored, handled,or utilized. Consult the applicable regulatory agencies.5.4 It is recommended to complete a S
20、tandard Operating Procedure (SOP), including a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) for everytask or practice performed, listing any potential hazards and describing the safe operating practice to mitigate those hazards.5.5 Be aware of the nature of the specimen material submitted for examination to ensure tha
21、t it in itself does not pose a safetyrisk during storage or sample preparation. For example, see 7.5.6. Heat Treating6.1 The use of Personal Protective Equipment is strongly recommended. The minimum protection includes safety shoes (withmetatarsal if required), safety glasses, and heat resistant glo
22、ves.When utilizing furnaces at high temperatures, 1038C (1900F),a heat resistant suit and full face shield is well advised in addition to the gloves and glasses.6.2 Furnace Load WeightsThe weight limit that can be safely manually loaded into a furnace and unloaded at temperatureshould be established
23、 by the laboratory manager. The weight limit for manual loading is determined for specific procedures. Thismay increase or decrease depending on availability of equipment to aid in loading or unloading material; configuration of samples,which could make loading and unloading more or less risky; or t
24、he ability to utilize more than one technician in loading andunloading, or combinations thereof.6.3 Furnace Loading and UnloadingWhen working with a furnace that requires removal of a thermocouple prior to loading,loading or unloading, or both, handle the thermocouple with heat resistant gloves or t
25、ongs.6.3.1 Material should be loaded into the furnace with tongs. The tongs used need to should have the proper configuration forthe specimen to be loaded. Properly maintain the tongs.6.3.2 When several small or oddly shaped specimens are to be heat treated, a tray or wire basket may facilitate load
26、ing andunloading.4 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.5 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.E2014 1726.3.3 TheWarningThe surface of an oil quench bath c
27、an ignite during quenching. Use caution avoid being burnt. Do not leanover the oil quench tank when pieces are being quenched. Cover the tank quickly to extinguish any flames. Care should be givennot to remove samples too quickly from the oil quench, as they may ignite. surface of an oil quench bath
28、 can ignite duringquenching. Be cautious to avoid being burnt. Do not lean over the oil quench tank when pieces are being quenched, and cover thetank as quickly as possible to extinguish any flames.6.4 Salt bath furnaces are set up in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, along with state
29、and local environmentalregulations. Exhaust systems are required for gases generated. Some government organizations may regulate exhaust systemspecifications.6.4.1 Personal protective equipment requirements include a heat resistant apron, sleeve protection, safety glasses, safety shoes(with metatars
30、al if required), and a heat resistant full face shield.6.4.2 The start up of a salt bath has to be done by a properly trained technician.6.4.3 When long cycles with little attention are performed, it is recommended to use temperature control devices with alarmswith limits and shutdown capability.6.4
31、.4 Keep all water or moisture away from the salt bath. Clean pieces for heat treat to remove cutting fluids or any otherresiduals. residual fluids. After cleaning, dry all the pieces thoroughly.6.4.5 Clean and dry baskets before each use. Salt dried on the basket can absorb moisture.6.4.6 To avoid e
32、lectric shock, do not place metal, baskets, or sludging tools between electrodes while the power is on.6.4.7 Wear a full face mask when filling furnace with dry salts. An appropriate respiratory mask may also be required as perthe applicable MSDS.SDS.6.4.8 Keep the work area clean. Do not keep boxes
33、, pallets, or other highly flammable items in the work area. Keep floors cleanto avoid slips, trips, or falls.6.4.9 Keep salt containers tightly closed to avoid moisture adsorption by the dry salt.6.4.10 Establish periodic checks and safe procedures for electrodes, sludging, rectifying, and the use
34、of graphite rods.6.5 Induction FurnaceWhen operating induction furnaces, the additional following precautions should be followed:6.5.1 Persons with Pace Makers should stay well away from induction furnaces and other equipment designed to create strongmagnetic fields.6.5.2 No jewelry (rings, watches,
35、 bracelets) or other metal should be worn when operating the induction furnace or whenremaining in close proximity. Voltage can be induced in these items to cause severe burns as the metal items heat up.6.5.3 Standard precautions for arc flash protection as outlined in NFPA70E should be followed as
36、necessary for the high voltageand high power induction equipment.6.6 A summary of recommended safe practices can be found in Table 1.7. Specimen Sectioning and Rough Grinding (1516)7.1 Safety glasses need to should be worn when operating sectioning equipment. Do not wear ties, loose fitting clothing
37、, andjewelry as they can become tangled in the moving parts of equipment. Tie back long hair. Auditory protection (ear plugs or otherprotection) may be needed if the noise level exceeds recommended guidelines or regulatory requirements. Ensure that there issufficient lighting to clearly see the work
38、 area.7.2 The cutting blade of a band saw is exposed and can be dangerous. Use the appropriate blade type and cutting settings foran effortless cut. Let the blade do the cutting and do not force the part into the blade. A guiding device, such as a block of wood,can be used to maneuver flat and stabl
39、e specimens thereby reducing the possibility of hand injury. Round stock, pipe and curvedspecimens that can be destabilized by the downward drag of the blade need to be securely clamped in an appropriate jig or viceto prevent severe injury from an ejected specimen or broken blade.7.3 The major dange
40、r from abrasive saw operation is from flying debris from a broken wheel. This danger is normallyeliminated in modern equipment by shielding the cutting area from the operator. A cutoff saw must never be operated without aTABLE 1 A Summary of Recommended and Discourage PracticesWhen Heat treatingReco
41、mmended Practice Discouraged PracticeDevelop SOPs and JSAs Lift specimens $ 10 kgWearsafety shoes Lean body over bath or quench tanksafety glasses or face shieldheat resistant gloves Leave tank contents uncoveredUse tongs, tray, or wire basket whenhandling samples Contact electrodes with conductiveK
42、eep specimens and surrounding materialarea free of moisture and debris Loose clothing near automated furnacebeltsE2014 173shield in place. Use cut-off wheels rated for the RPM of the cut-off machine. Also, select the cutoff wheel appropriate for thematerial being cut to prevent overheating and catas
43、trophic wheel breakage. It is recommended to leave the cover open for the bladeto dry out.7.4 Sectioning often results in the formation of burrs on the edges of the specimen. These burrs can be quite sharp andpotentially dangerous. Burrs can be removed by filing or grinding. Wear the appropriate app
44、roved cut resistant gloves whenhandling cut specimens.7.5 Wet rough grinding is always preferred over dry grinding because of the reduced amount of dust and heat damage to thespecimen. The dusts generated from grinding any metal are a health hazard. Metals such as beryllium, magnesium, lead, titaniu
45、m,manganese, and silver, are extremely toxic and must be ground wet under a ventilation hood.An appropriate respiratory mask anda full face shield is also advisable.7.6 Recommended procedures for the metallographic preparation of various materials can be found in MethodsGuide E3.8. Specimen Mounting
46、8.1 A safety concern while using older mounting presses without integrated cooling is the potential of burns from contact withhot equipment or specimens. Newer mounting presses with integrated cooling systems do not typically have these issues. Wearinsulated gloves to protect hands ifas needed.8.2 P
47、rolonged contact with many mounting materials can cause irritation to the eyes and skin. Consult the product label andMSDSSDS of the specific mounting material, and use the recommended practices and protective equipment.8.3 When using castable resins, it is recommended to work (mixing, pouring and s
48、etting) in a fume hood. The corrosive,explosive, and carcinogenic properties vary widely with different castable resin components, and users need to be aware of themost current and applicable MSDSSDS information and of occupational health and safety issues relating to each componentseparately and mi
49、xed.9. Mechanical Grinding/Polishing9.1 Injury to operators hands is very Hand injury is common during grinding or polishing. For manual grinding or polishingof small or irregularly-shaped specimens consider mounting themspecimen to accommodate handling.9.2 For semi-automatic and automatic procedures,grinder/polisher, ensure that all moving parts have come to rest beforemounting or mounting, removing specimen holders or before cleaning the equipment. Lock-out procedures may need to shouldbe applied prior to the cleaning of equipment.9.3 When using grinding or poli
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