ASTM E2035-2007 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology《司法精神心理学相关标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E 2035 07Standard Terminology Relating toForensic Psychophysiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare

2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scien-tific terms that generally are underst

3、ood or defined adequatelyin other readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published b

4、y anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentifie

5、d with an abbreviation.2. Significance and Use2.1 These terms have particular application to the scientificdiscipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierar-chy of sources of definitions are used in the development ofthis terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websterss NewWorld Dict

6、ionary, Third College Edition; technical dictionar-ies; and, the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. Thesubcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of thesources in the hierarchy are found wanting.3. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:Air Force modified general question test (AFMG

7、QT),ntest format with flexible question orderings and numbersof relevant questions. The AFMGQT can be used in single-issue, multiple facet, and multiple-issue PDD examinations.The AFMGQT uses relevant, comparison, sacrifice relevantand irrelevant questions.artifact, na change in a PDD tracing that i

8、s not arributableto a review test question, stimulus, recovery, or homeostasis.cardiovascular tracing, na display of physiological patternsof the subjects relative blood volume and pulse rate. Thecardiograph component records this parison question, ntype of question, the physiologicalresponses from

9、which are compared to those generated bythe relevant questions.counterintelligence-scope polygraph (CSP), nscreeningexamination administered by the Federal Government onindividuals with sensitive security clearances to detect anddeter espionage, security breaches, sabotage, or other actsagainst the

10、government. Sometimes referred to as a loyaltyexamination.Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., nalthoughnot a PDD case, the Daubert case set aside the landmarkFrye rules “general acceptability” provisions in favor of theFederal Rules of Evidence. This paved the way for theadmissibility of P

11、DD evidence in most jurisdictions. See:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1992), 509U. S. 579, 125 1. Ed 2d 469; United States v. Frye 54 AppD.C. 46, 293 F 1013.deception indicated (DI), ndeception indicated is a conven-tional term for a PDD outcome. A decision of DI means thatthe physiol

12、ogical data are stable and interpretable and thatthe evaluation criteria used by the examiner concluded thatthe examinee was not being completely truthful to therelevant issue. Deception indicated corresponds to the term“Significant Physiological Responses,” or SPR.deception test, na family of PDD e

13、xaminations where directquestions are posed to the examinee during physiologicalrecording regarding the examinees involvement in what iscovered in the relevant question. Unlike recognition tests,both truthful and deceptive examinees are aware of whichquestions are relevant, and direct participation,

14、 not justrecognition, is tested. Deception tests include PDD compari-son question tests and PDD Relevant/Irrelevant tests.disclosure examinations over sexual history, nA clinicalpolygraph examination intended to explore pre-conviction“lifetime” sexual behavioral histories and activities whichinclude

15、 the disclosure of additional victims, sexual education1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E52on Forensic Psychophysiology and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE52.06 on Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally

16、approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 2035 - 05a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sources, victimization, exposure and utilization of pornog-raphy, the onset of masturbation, paraphilias, sexual

17、 devi-ance and therapeutic issues. It is a utility-designed multiple-issue polygraph test, subject to the successive hurdlesdecision approach.electrodermal tracing, nthe display of physiological pat-terns of either skin resistance or skin conductance obtainedthrough exosomatic recording with a galva

18、nograph compo-nent.evidentiary PDD examination, ntest procedures that aredesigned to meet minimum standards for admissibility incourt or administrative hearings. Among the necessarycomponents are: electronic recording of the session, use of aPDD technique for which the preponderance of the pub-lishe

19、d peer-reviewed research shows an average accuracy of90% or better; individually validated scoring rules, and;optimized decision rules. Use of a movement sensor is alsorecommended.false negative, nmisclassification of a deceptive person astruthful.false positive, nmisclassification of a truthful per

20、son asdeceptive.forensic psychophysiology, nthe scientific discipline deal-ing with the relationship and applications of PDD testswithin the legal system. It encompasses the academic disci-pline that provides the student, the practitioner, and theresearcher with the theoretical and applied psycholog

21、ical,physiological, and psychophysiological fundamentals for athorough understanding of PDD tests, and the skills andqualifications for conducting PDD examinations. The modi-fier “forensic” delineates and delimits this discipline fromthe broader discipline of psychophysiology.format, nthe establishe

22、d sequence or rules for orderingquestions for presentation during testing.homeostasis, na complex interactive regulatory system bywhich the body strives to maintain a state of internalequilibrium.investigative PDD procedures, nroutine PDD examinationsthat are used to explore wider issues than eviden

23、tiary PDDexaminations, and are not intended to meet exacting eviden-tiary standards. Investigative procedures may include appli-cant testing, Post-Conviction Sex Offender Testing, andmultiple-facet criminal testing.irrelevant question, nAn irrelevant question is designed tobe a non-emotion provoking

24、 question. Also referred to as“norms” or “neutral questions.”modified general question test (MGQT), ntest formatpatterned after the Reid test and modified by the U.S.Military. It contains relevant, irrelevant, and comparisonquestions. The MGQT is widely used in the field, and has abody of validity r

25、esearch.monitoring examination, nA clinical polygraph examina-tion specifically intended to uncover whether the offenderhas committed any illegal sexual act(s) with a child or anyother sexual act forbidden by law during a sex offendersperiod of supervision. The requested test timeframe can besince t

26、he imposition of the offenders parole or probation,since his last test, or any other period designated bysupervision officers. This is exclusively a single-issue poly-graph test.multiple-facet polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover the same event, though the questions maycover

27、different aspects of that event. Because the relevantquestions all relate to the same event, in field conditions theexaminee would typically be entirely either truthful ordeceptive to all questions, though this is not a condition ofthe multiple-facet polygraph test. One multiple-facet PDDformat is t

28、he Reid Test.multiple-issue polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover two or more areas that are partially orcompletely independent from one another. Forms ofmultiple-issue polygraph testing include Post-ConvictionSex Offender Testing, applicant testing, and counterintelli-gence s

29、creening.noise, nIn PDD, it is the random variation in the recordeddata that has no diagnostic value, and when excessive, maytake the identification of diagnostic patterns more difficult.no deception indicated (NDI), nno deception indicated is aconventional term for a PDD outcome. A decision of NDIm

30、eans that the physiological data are stable and interpretableand that the evaluation criteria used by the examinerconcluded that the examinee was being completely truthfulto the relevant issue. No deception indicated corresponds tothe term “No Significant Physiological Responses,” or NSR.optimal dec

31、ision rules, nthose that restrict the types andproportion of error to those that can be tolerated by theconsumers of the polygraph results. Because it is notpossible to simultaneously reduce errors of one type (that is,false positives) without increasing errors of the other type,optimal decision rul

32、es are central to a judicious and rationalprocess by which the payoff to the consumers of thepolygraph decision is greatest, and the cost associated witherrors is minimized. Optimal decision rules for investigativeand evidentiary polygraphy may be different from oneanother.PDD examination, na proces

33、s that encompasses all activi-ties that take place between a PDD examiner and anexaminee during a specific series of interactions. Theseinteractions may include the pretest interview, the use of thepolygraph to collect physiological data from the examineewhile presenting a series of tests, the test

34、data analysis phase,which may be supplemented in a post-test interview phase.PDD examiner, nsomeone who has successfully completedformal education and accredited training in conducting PDDexaminations and, if appropriate, is certified or licensed bytheir agency or state to conduct such examinations.

35、peak of tension (PTO), na family of testing procedures,including known solution, searching (probing), and acquain-tance tests. There is a body of validation research for theknown solution POT.E2035072phasic response, na response, typically of short duration,where the level of physiological arousal r

36、eturns to itspre-arousal state.physiology, nthe branch of biology dealing with the func-tions and vital processes of living organisms or their partsand organs.polygraph examiner, na term used synonymously withPDD examiner. In the evolution of terminology within thisdiscipline, the term “Polygraph Ex

37、aminers” replaced theantiquated appellation “Lie Detector Operator” (see defini-tion of PDD examiner).polygraph instrument, na diagnostic instrument used dur-ing a PDD examination, which is capable of simultaneouslymonitoring, recording, and measuring at a minimum, respi-ratory, electrodermal, and c

38、ardiovascular activity as a re-sponse to auditory or visual stimuli.polygraphy, nsee definition of PDD.post-conviction sex offender testing (PCSOT), nSee clini-cal polygraph examination.disclosure examination, na form of Post-Conviction SexOffender Testing (PCSOT) which involves an in-depth lookat t

39、he entire life cycle of an offender and his or her sexualbehaviors up to the date of criminal conviction. Sometimesreferred to as a sexual history examination.pretest interview, nthe earliest portion of the PDD exami-nation process during which the examinee and examinerdiscuss the test, test procedu

40、re, and the details of the testissues. The pretest interview also serves to prepare theexaminee for the testing.psychology, nthe science dealing with the mind and with themental and emotional processes.psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD), ntheacademic discipline that provides the studen

41、t, the practitio-ner, and the researcher with the theoretical and appliedpsychological, physiological, and psychophysiological fun-damentals for a thorough understanding of PDD tests and theskills and qualifications for conducting PDD examinations(see polygraphy).psychophysiological veracity (PV) ex

42、amination, nseedefinition of PDDpsychophysiology, nthe study of interactions between men-tal and physiological processes.purposeful non-cooperation (PNC) , nA decision of PNCindicates that the polygraph examiner detected the examineeengaging in apparently motivated and repeated behaviorcontrary to t

43、he examiners instructions that interferes withthe protocol or physiological recordings.recognition test, na family of procedures that are basedexclusively on responses that are elicited by the examineesidentification of crime-related stimuli that have been imbed-ded among irrelevant but similar stim

44、uli. Among the morecommon recognition tests are: the Peak of Tension, Con-cealed Information Test, reaction time tests, saccadic eyemovement test, and evoked potentials P300 odd-ball para-digm tests. The acquaintance (or stimulus) test could also beconsidered a recognition test. Recognition tests re

45、quire thatthe test developer know the crime-related information so thatit can be determined whether the examinee also knows thisinformation. This limitation restricts the usefulness of rec-ognition tests to only those circumstances. In contrast todeception tests, recognition tests are not designed t

46、o test forinvolvement in a crime, but only whether the examinee isfamiliar with the crime details.relevant question, na question that pertains directly to thematter under investigation or to the issue(s) for which theexaminee is being tested.respiratory tracing, na display of physiological patterns

47、ofthe subjects breathing activity as recorded by the pneumo-graph component.series, na collection of tests in which a common list ofquestions was used.response, na physiological change that occurs following,and is attributable to, the presentation of an applied stimulus(for example, reviewed test qu

48、estion).single-issue polygraph test, na PDD test in which therelevant questions cover the exact same issue. To be asingle-issue polygraph test, the examinee must be able toanswer the relevant questions either all truthfully, or alldeceptively. An example would be the single-issue ZoneComparison Test

49、.successive hurdles approach, nused in multiple-issue test-ing, it is a process in which multiple broad areas are coveredtogether in a single PDD test, followed by tests of only thosewho have positive results with successively focused PDDtests. The benefit of the successive hurdles process is theefficient use of testing resources to deliver accuracy thatwould normally only be obtainable with several independentsingle-issue tests.spot score rule, na decision rule in which the sum of scoresfor an individual relevant quest