ASTM E2035-2010a Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology《法学心理生理有关的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E2035 10aStandard Terminology Relating toForensic Psychophysiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scien-tific terms that generally are understoo

3、d or defined adequatelyin other readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by

4、anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified

5、with an abbreviation.2. Significance and Use2.1 These terms have particular application to the scientificdiscipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierar-chy of sources of definitions are used in the development ofthis terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websterss NewWorld Dictio

6、nary, Third College Edition; technical dictionar-ies; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. Thesubcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of thesources in the hierarchy are found wanting.3. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:Air Force modified general question test (AFMGQT)

7、,ntest format with flexible question orderings and numbersof relevant questions.DISCUSSIONThe AFMGQT can be used in single-issue, multiplefacet, and multiple-issue PDD examinations. The AFMGQT usesrelevant, comparison, sacrifice relevant and irrelevant questions.artifact, na change in a PDD tracing

8、that is not arributableto a review test question, stimulus, recovery, or homeostasis.cardiovascular tracing, na display of physiological patternsof the subjects relative blood pressure and pulse rate.DISCUSSIONThe cardiograph component records this parison question, ntype of question, the physiologi

9、calresponses from which are compared to those generated bythe relevant questions.counterintelligence-scope polygraph (CSP), nscreeningexamination administered by the Federal Government onindividuals with sensitive security clearances to detect anddeter espionage, security breaches, sabotage, or othe

10、r actsagainst the government.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as a loyalty examination.Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., nalthoughnot a PDD case, the Daubert case set aside the landmarkFrye rules “general acceptability” provisions in favor of theFederal Rules of Evidence.DISCUSSIONThis pa

11、ved the way for the admissibility of PDDevidence in most jurisdictions.2deception indicated (DI), na conventional term for a PDDoutcome.DISCUSSIONA decision of DI means that the physiological data arestable and interpretable and that the evaluation criteria used by theexaminer concluded that the exa

12、minee was not being completelytruthful to the relevant issue. DI corresponds to the term significantphysiological responses (SPR).deception test, na family of PDD examinations where directquestions are posed to the examinee during physiologicalrecording regarding the examinees involvement in what is

13、covered in the relevant question.DISCUSSIONUnlike recognition tests, both truthful and deceptiveexaminees are aware of which questions are relevant, and directparticipation, not just recognition, is tested. Deception tests includePDD comparison question tests and PDD relevant/irrelevant tests.disclo

14、sure examinations over sexual history, na clinicalpolygraph examination intended to explore pre-conviction“lifetime” sexual behavioral histories and activities which1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E52on Forensic Psychophysiology and is the direct responsibility

15、 of SubcommitteeE52.06 on Terminology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2035 10. DOI:10.1520/E2035-10A.2For more information, see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(1992), 509 U.S. 579, 12

16、5 1. Ed 2d 469; United States v. Frye 54 App D.C. 46,293 F 1013.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.include the disclosure of additional victims, sexual educationsources, victimization, exposure and utilization of pornog-

17、raphy, the onset of masturbation, paraphilias, sexual devi-ance, and therapeutic issues.DISCUSSIONIt is a utility-designed multiple-issue polygraph test,subject to the successive hurdles decision approach.electrodermal tracing, nthe display of physiological pat-terns of either skin resistance or ski

18、n conductance obtainedthrough exosomatic recording with a galvanograph compo-nent.evidentiary PDD examination, ntest procedures that aredesigned to meet minimum standards for admissibility incourt or administrative hearings.DISCUSSION Among the necessary components are: electronicrecording of the se

19、ssion, use of a PDD technique for which thepreponderance of the published peer-reviewed research shows anaverage accuracy of 90 % or better; individually validated scoringrules, and optimized decision rules. Use of a movement sensor is alsorecommended.false negative, nmisclassification of a deceptiv

20、e person astruthful.false positive, nmisclassification of a truthful person asdeceptive.forensic psychophysiology, nthe scientific discipline deal-ing with the relationship and applications of PDD testswithin the legal system.DISCUSSION It encompasses the academic discipline that providesthe student

21、, the practitioner, and the researcher with the theoretical andapplied psychological, physiological, and psychophysiological funda-mentals for a thorough understanding of PDD tests and the skills andqualifications for conducting PDD examinations. The modifier “foren-sic” delineates and delimits this

22、 discipline from the broader disciplineof psychophysiology.format, nthe established sequence or rules for orderingquestions for presentation during testing.homeostasis, na complex interactive regulatory system bywhich the body strives to maintain a state of internalequilibrium.inconclusive, na PDD e

23、xamination finding that indicates thetesting phase was completed and the data did not containsufficient or consistent diagnostic information on which tobase a definitive decision concerning the truthfulness of theexaminee.investigative PDD procedures, nroutine PDD examinationsthat are used to explor

24、e wider issues than evidentiary PDDexaminations and are not intended to meet exacting eviden-tiary standards.DISCUSSIONInvestigative procedures may include applicant testing,PCSOT, and multiple-facet criminal testing.irrelevant question, nAn irrelevant question is designed tobe a non-emotion provoki

25、ng question (also referred to asnorms or neutral questions).modified general question test (MGQT), ntest formatpatterned after the Reid test and modified by the U.S.military. It contains relevant, irrelevant, and comparisonquestions.DISCUSSIONThe MGQT is widely used in the field and has a bodyof val

26、idity research.monitoring examination, nA clinical polygraph examina-tion specifically intended to uncover whether the offenderhas committed any illegal sexual act(s) with a child or anyother sexual act forbidden by law during a sex offendersperiod of supervision.DISCUSSIONThe requested test timefra

27、me can be since the imposi-tion of the offenders parole or probation, since his last test, or since anyother period designated by supervision officers. This is exclusively asingle-issue polygraph test.multiple-facet polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover the same event, though

28、the questions maycover different aspects of that event.DISCUSSIONBecause the relevant questions all relate to the sameevent, in field conditions the examinee would typically be entirelyeither truthful or deceptive to all questions, though this is not acondition of the multiple-facet polygraph test.

29、One multiple-facet PDDformat is the Reid test.multiple-issue polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover two or more areas that are partially orcompletely independent from one another.DISCUSSION Forms of multiple-issue polygraph testing includePCSOT, applicant testing, and counterin

30、telligence screening.no deception indicated (NDI), na conventional term for aPDD outcome.DISCUSSIONAdecision of NDI means that the physiological data arestable and interpretable and that the evaluation criteria used by theexaminer concluded that the examinee was being completely truthful tothe relev

31、ant issue. NDI corresponds to the term no significant physi-ological responses (NSR).noise, nin PDD, it is the random variation in the recordeddata that has no diagnostic value, and when excessive, maytake the identification of diagnostic patterns more difficult.no opinion (NO), na PDD examination f

32、inding whichindicates that no decision could be made because the testingprotocol was incomplete, distorted, or interfered with in sucha way as to prevent proper evaluation.DISCUSSIONThis lack of completion could be due to the failure ofthe examinee to cooperate, premature termination of the examinat

33、ion,or any other event which prevents the successful completion of testingor the proper collection of the physiological data.no significant responses (NSR), nresults of a screeningexamination which denote that the screening phase of testingwas completed, the examiner deemed the physiological dataint

34、erpretable, and there were no consistent and significantresponses to any of the relevant questions.optimal decision rules, nthose that restrict the types andproportion of error to those that can be tolerated by theconsumers of the polygraph results.DISCUSSIONBecause it is not possible to simultaneou

35、sly reduceerrors of one type (that is, false positives) without increasing errors ofthe other type, optimal decision rules are central to a judicious andrational process by which the payoff to the consumers of the polygraphdecision is greatest and the cost associated with errors is minimized.E2035 1

36、0a2Optimal decision rules for investigative and evidentiary polygraphymay be different from one another.peak of tension (POT), na family of testing procedures,including known solution, searching (probing), and acquain-tance tests.DISCUSSIONThere is a body of validation research for the knownsolution

37、 POT.PDD examination, na process that encompasses all activi-ties that take place between a PDD examiner and anexaminee during a specific series of interactions.DISCUSSIONThese interactions may include the pretest interview,the use of the polygraph to collect physiological data from theexaminee whil

38、e presenting a series of tests, and the test data analysisphase, which may be supplemented in a post-test interview phase.PDD examiner, nsomeone who has successfully completedformal education and accredited training in conducting PDDexaminations and, if appropriate, is certified or licensed bytheir

39、agency or state to conduct such examinations.phasic response, na response, typically of short duration,where the level of physiological arousal returns to itspre-arousal state.physiology, nthe branch of biology dealing with the func-tions and vital processes of living organisms or their partsand org

40、ans.polygraph examiner, na term used synonymously withPDD examiner.DISCUSSIONIn the evolution of terminology within this discipline,the term polygraph examiners replaced the antiquated appellation “LieDetector Operator” (see PDD examiner).polygraph instrument, na diagnostic instrument used dur-ing a

41、 PDD examination, which is capable of simultaneouslymonitoring, recording, and measuring at a minimum, respi-ratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity as a re-sponse to auditory or visual stimuli.polygraphy, nsee psychophysiological detection of decep-tion (PDD).post-conviction sex offender

42、 testing (PCSOT), nsee clini-cal polygraph examination.disclosure examination, na form of PCSOT which in-volves an in-depth look at the entire life cycle of an offenderand his or her sexual behaviors up to the date of criminalconviction.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as a sexual history examination

43、.pretest interview, nthe earliest portion of the PDD exami-nation process during which the examinee and examinerdiscuss the test, test procedure, and the details of the testissues.DISCUSSIONThe pretest interview also serves to prepare the exam-inee for the testing.psychology, nthe science dealing wi

44、th the mind and with themental and emotional processes.psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD), ntheacademic discipline that provides the student, the practitio-ner, and the researcher with the theoretical and appliedpsychological, physiological, and psychophysiological fun-damentals for a

45、thorough understanding of PDD tests and theskills and qualifications for conducting PDD examinations(see polygraphy).psychophysiological veracity (PV) examination, nsee psy-chophysiological detection of deception (PDD).psychophysiology, nthe study of interactions between men-tal and physiological pr

46、ocesses.purposeful non-cooperation (PNC), na decision of PNCindicates that the polygraph examiner detected the examineeengaging in apparently motivated and repeated behaviorcontrary to the examiners instructions that interferes withthe protocol or physiological recordings.quality control, nthe proce

47、ss in which all relevant PDDdocuments and materials are reviewed by an independentand qualified person to assess whether the testing examinerselected and followed proper methodologies and proceduresin the preparation, conduct, analysis, and reporting of a PDDexamination.recognition test, na family o

48、f procedures that are basedexclusively on responses that are elicited by the examineesidentification of crime-related stimuli that have been imbed-ded among irrelevant but similar stimuli.DISCUSSIONAmong the more common recognition tests are: thePOT, concealed information test, reaction time tests,

49、saccadic eyemovement test, and evoked potentials P300 odd-ball paradigm tests.The acquaintance (or stimulus) test could also be considered arecognition test. Recognition tests require that the test developer knowthe crime-related information so that it can be determined whether theexaminee also knows this information. This limitation restricts theusefulness of recognition tests to only those circumstances. In contrastto deception tests, recognition tests are not designed to test forinvolvement in