1、Designation: E 2068 00 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Operating Force of Sliding Windows andDoors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2068; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the operating forces foropening and closing horizontal and vertical sliding
3、windowsand horizontal sliding door systems. It does not address theforces required for opening pivoting, projecting, or otherfenestration systems. This test method does not address the useor performance of add-on devices or mechanical operators thatmight be installed to reduce operating forces of sl
4、idingwindows or doors. It deals only with the forces necessary toopen and close a sash or panel through the direct application offorce to the operable sash or panel.1.2 This test method is suitable for laboratory productcomparisons or for qualifying products, or both, as meetingwindow or door operat
5、ing force specifications. This testmethod is also suitable for use in the field to determine theoperating forces required to open and close installed slidingwindows and doors.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are SI unitsprovided
6、 for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
7、of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology E 631unless otherwise specified.3.2 Definitions of Terms
8、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 breakaway forcethe force required to start a sash(panel) in motion from a fully closed or fully open position.3.2.2 fully open positionthe point at the limits of theoperating hardware (if applicable) or the point at which thesash or panel contacts a limiting device.3.
9、2.3 fully closed positionthe position of the sash or panelafter being closed, latched, and unlatched, or where the sash orpanel is closed to its maximum engagement within a frame orpocket if no latching mechanism is provided.3.2.4 in-motion operating forcethe force required tomaintain a sash or pane
10、l in motion while moving the sash orpanel between 1 in. from fully open to 1 in. from fully closedpositions, or 1 in. from fully closed to 1 in. from fully openposition.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Two equivalent test methods for determining operatingforce are described. Test Method A uses dead weig
11、hts and acable and pulley system to apply force to operate a sash orpanel. Test Method B uses a force gage and hand-appliedpressure to operate a sash or panel. The test specimen ismounted in a rigid support frame. After attaching the loadingsystem to the operating sash or panel, the weight or force
12、isapplied and increased until the sash or panel is put into motion.This determines breakaway force. Starting from one inch (25mm) from a closed or open position the minimum amount ofweight or force required to keep a sash in motion, once it isstarted moving, is measured. This determines the in-motio
13、noperating force. Forces required to operate a sliding window orpatio door in both opening and closing directions are deter-mined by this test method.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method determines the operational forces ofsliding windows and doors by simulating force applied by handdirectly
14、to movable sash or panels. Breakaway and in-motionoperating forces are measures of the ease of operation offenestration products. Product specifications, building codes,and building specifications establish operating force limits asmeasures of product performance or limits for handicappedaccessibili
15、ty, or both.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyappr
16、oved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 2068 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web
17、site.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Window and door performance standards for air infil-tration and water penetration in some cases require operatingforce measurements to be made and reported as an indicationof t
18、he operability of the test specimen.5.3 Operating forces can vary significantly from unit to unitdue to factors such as installation parameters, wearing ofsliding or rolling parts, lubrication, stiffening or softening ofweather-strip, and environmental factors (for example, humid-ity, temperature, a
19、ccumulation of dirt, and so forth). Therefore,when applied to new product designs, this test method requiresthat units be tested in a laboratory under controlled conditionsincluding accurate mounting (plumb, square, and level) follow-ing the manufacturers instructions. Use of this test method inthe
20、field does not necessarily indicate the operating forces thatare inherent in the particular window design, but rather,provides a measurement of the forces required for operation ofthe particular unit at the particular time. The user is cautionedthat installation defects such as bowed jambs, racked f
21、rames, orinadequate anchoring can result in binding or sticking ofmovable components and increased operating forces.5.4 This test method requires measurement of both break-away and in-motion operating forces. Generally, breakawayforce is higher than in-motion operating force due to thedifference bet
22、ween static and dynamic friction coefficients orthe presence of weather-stripping and sash pockets, or both.Traditional fenestration product standards have required deter-mination of in-motion operating force in the opening directiononly and referred to this simply as operating force.5.5 This test m
23、ethod is intended to determine the forcesrequired to operate a window or sliding door which is properlyinstalled and which is operated by hand application of force toa handle, pull bar, or sash member. Application of forcethrough jerking or impact motion is not measured or evaluatedby this test meth
24、od. Operating forces can be significantlydifferent between the opening and closing directions of move-ment; therefore, this test method involves measurements inboth directions of movement.5.6 This test method provides for two procedures whichinclude a dead weight test method (Test Method A) and a fo
25、rcegage test method (Test Method B) of applying and measuringforces required to operate a sliding window or sliding door.When properly applied, both test methods are deemed toproduce equivalent results. The dead weight test method isconsidered to be less likely to be affected by the operators skilli
26、n applying loads in a steady and properly timed manner. Theforce gage test method is considered simpler to apply and moreapplicable to field testing where the installation of pulleys andcabling is often impractical. Both test methods are subject to asimilar uncertainty.6. Apparatus6.1 This descripti
27、on of apparatus is general in nature andany arrangement of equipment capable of performing the testmethod, within allowable tolerances, is permitted.6.2 Test Method AThe primary equipment used in TestMethod A consists of a set of weights capable of beingsuspended and applied in 1-lb (0.5-kg) increme
28、nts, a platen,lightweight flexible cable or cord, ball-bearing sheave(s), and aframework capable of supporting the sheaves and cable systemin the appropriate location. Sheaves used to transmit thedeadweight load to the specimen under test shall be a minimumof 3 in. (75 mm) in diameter. Weights used
29、are to be Class F orbetter. In addition, a force gage in accordance with 7.3.1shallbe used to verify that the load applied is transmitted to the unitunder test when two or more sheaves are used to direct theload. (See Fig. 1.)6.3 Test Method BFor Test Method B, a calibrated forcegage with an accurac
30、y of 60.5 lbf (2.0 N) and with a peak holdand continuous reading capability is required.6.4 Hardware such as hooks, cable, cord, small pulleys, andscrew-eyes are to be used as necessary to provide for attach-ment of the loading system to the sash or panel.7. Safety Precautions7.1 When using Test Met
31、hod A, be prepared for suddenmovement of the sash or panel and potentially rapid droppingof the weights. The weights are to be suspended in such amanner that their fall will be stopped before the sash moves tothe full limit of its travel to reduce impact between compo-nents. When using Test Method B
32、, be prepared for suddenmovement of the sash or panel.7.2 There can be considerable energy and momentum inmoving sash or panels that can cause a significant impact whenthe sash or panel hits the frame or limiting stops. Care must betaken to avoid injury and potential breakage of the specimen.7.3 Gla
33、ss breakage will not normally occur at the forcesapplied in these test methods; however, sudden breakaway ormotion can occur. Take precautions to prevent injury from themoving sash.8. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire unit assupplied by the manufacturer or as set forth i
34、n a referencedspecification if applicable. When testing a unit in the field, theunits location and description shall be detailed in the testreport.9. Procedure9.1 Mount the test specimen to the support framework inaccordance with the manufacturers installation instructions.The supporting structure s
35、hall have a strength and rigidity atleast equivalent to a nominal 2 by 4 stud wall with studs 16 in.(406 mm) on center and faced on one surface with nominal12in. (12 mm) plywood.9.2 For laboratory tests, allow sufficient time for the test unitto fully equilibrate to the laboratory conditions prior t
36、o testing.Fully open and close the test specimen five times, fullyengaging the locks or latches on each closure.9.3 Identify the location of normal opening or closing forceapplication. This will normally be one or two handles or fingergrip areas. For units with no clearly identified handle or gripar
37、ea use the following locations: (1) vertical sliding windows(single or double-hung), two points spaced 18 in. (460 mm)apart centered on either the sash top rail or bottom rail; or (2)horizontal sliding windows, one point at the vertical center ofthe pull bar (if present) or meeting edge vertical sas
38、h member.9.3.1 Attach the loading system to the center of the indoorhandle of sliding door assemblies. If none of these locations areE 2068 00 (2008)2clearly appropriate, the specifying authority shall determine thelocation of force application. (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.)9.4 Attach the loading system
39、to the position identified in9.3. When two locations are identified, connect these locationswith a cable or cord and apply force using a pulley strung onthe cable or cord so that the force is evenly distributed betweenthe two locations. All forces applied are to be in the directionparallel to the sa
40、sh or panel surface that will cause the panel tomove in the desired direction. Force is to be applied as close tothe direction and plane of travel as possible.9.5 Number of TrialsFor each test method conduct aminimum of three trials. If the results of three trials are allwithin 10 % or 1 lb (0.5 kg)
41、, whichever is greater, of theaverage of the three trials, no additional trials are required. Ifany of the results of the three trials deviates by more than 10 %or 1 lb, whichever is greater, from the average, conduct sevenadditional trials (for a total of ten). When ten trials are required,calculat
42、e the average value by eliminating the highest andlowest values recorded and averaging the remaining eightvalues.9.6 Breakaway ForceTest Method A, Dead Weight:9.6.1 Close, lock, and unlock the sash or panel. Support theplaten so that no load is applied, and place a 1-lb (0.5-kg)weight on it. While h
43、olding the platen, remove the support andgradually lower the weight so that the cable suspends it. Thisprocess is to take from 3 to 5 s. Repeat this process, includingopening, closing, locking, and unlocking the latching mecha-nism, increasing the weight on the platen by 1 lb for each trialuntil the
44、 weight is sufficient to cause the sash or panel to fullydisengage from the frame and any weather-strip or framepocket. Record the total weight applied in this process as thebreakaway force. Repeat this entire process twice for a total ofthree trials. Determine if additional trials are required assp
45、ecified in 9.5 and perform if necessary. If the sash movementrequired to disengage from weather strip or a frame pocket isgreater than 1 in. (25 mm), mark the sash position at the pointof disengagement as the “end point” for this test.9.6.2 If the sash or panel moves on its own when the latch(s)is d
46、isengaged, record the breakaway force as the weightrequired to initiate motion of the panel from the position thesash or panel moves to. This position is the “end point” for thepurposes of the in-motion operating force test.9.7 In-Motion Operating ForceTest Method A, DeadWeight:9.7.1 From the fully
47、closed position, open the sash or panel1 in. (25 mm) or to the position identified as the end point inFIG. 1 Vertically Sliding Window Typical ArrangementsE 2068 00 (2008)39.6.2 and make a reference mark, using tape or a marking pen,indicating the relative frame/sash position. Open the sash to 1in.
48、from fully open and make a second mark on the frame.9.7.2 Starting from the fully closed position, place a 1-lb(0.5-kg) weight on the platen. Manually open the sash to the1-in. (25-mm) mark and release. If the sash continues to move,allow it to move until it stops or reaches the 1 in. from fullyopen
49、 mark. If it does not open to the 1-in. from fully open markrepeat the process adding 1 lb of weight to the platen. Continuethis process until the weight applied is sufficient to open thesash or panel to or beyond the 1-in. from fully open mark.Record the total applied weight including the weight of theplaten. If two or more sheaves are included in the loadingsystem, verify that the force gage reads the correct value for theapplied weight. Repeat this procedure at least two additionaltimes (minimum of three trials) in the opening direction andrecord the required load
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