1、Designation: E2102 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for ScreeningPurposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe screening fire-test-response method described in this st
3、andard uses a radiant energy sourcesimilar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354. However, the test method apparatusis much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure heat and s
4、moke release. A fire-test-response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristicscan be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlledconditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research and deve
5、lopment, when there is aneed for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows theuser to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expectedmargins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in fire te
6、rminology as fire-response testsperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-relatedcharacteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of beingpreliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in que
7、stion. Screening tests addressingfire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that inthe fire test method for which screening is desired.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means ofmeasuring mass loss and ignitability, for scre
8、ening purposes,from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies(including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels ofradiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This testmethod is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obt
9、ainedfrom this test method are those associated with mass loss fromthe specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustainedflaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, deter-mined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtain
10、ed fromthis test are best used for comparisons between materials withsome similarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat releasedepends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and nouniversal formula exists for calculation of heat release usingmass los
11、s measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from thistest method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in TestMethod E1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applicationsstandards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test
12、methods permit measurements of added fire-test-response char-acteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by thistest method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form andthickness tested, and are not an inherent property of thematerial, product, or assembly.1.6 This fire-te
13、st-response method does not provide infor-mation on the fire performance of the test specimens under fireconditions other than those conditions specified in this testmethod. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM SI-1
14、0. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
15、E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2102 - 13. DOI:10.1520/E2102-14.Copyright ASTM International,
16、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and pro
17、perty shall be employed inconducting these tests. See also Section 7.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
18、 applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, SmokeObscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Mate-rials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a Vertical Cable Tray Co
19、nfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Deter-mine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Ma-terials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE603 Guide for Room Fire
20、ExperimentsE638 Test Method for Calibration of Heat Transfer RateCalorimeters Using a Narrow-Angle Blackbody RadiationFacility (Withdrawn 2001)3E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Rel
21、easeRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-t
22、ureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of
23、 WallCovering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 5657 Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability of Bui
24、ld-ing ProductsISO 5660-1 Fire TestsReaction to FireRate of Heat Re-lease from Building Products (Cone calorimeter method)ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProductsISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary2.3 British Standards:5BS 476, Part 15, Fire Tests Reaction to FireRate of HeatRelease
25、from Building Products (Cone calorimetermethod)BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use inFire Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE176, ISO 3261 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, thedef
26、initions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products, or both.3.2.2 continuous (as related to data acquisition), adjconducted at data collection intervals of5sorles
27、s.3.2.3 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregu-larity from a plane does not exceed 61 mm.3.2.4 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.5 flashing, nexistence of flame on or over the surfaceof the specimen for periods of less than 1 s.3.2.6 irradi
28、ance (at a point of a surface),nratio of theradiant flux incident on a small but measurable element ofsurface containing the point, by the area of that element.3.2.6.1 DiscussionConvective heating is negligible in thehorizontal specimen orientation. In the vertical orientation, it issmall, but not n
29、egligible. Despite this contribution fromconvective heating, the term “irradiance” is used instead of“heat flux” throughout this test method as it best indicates theessentially radiative mode of heat transfer.3.2.7 material, nsingle substance, or uniformly dispersedmixture, for example metal, stone,
30、 timber, concrete, mineralfiber, or polymer.3.2.8 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing.3.2.8.1 DiscussionFor this standard, the specimen orien-tation may only be either vertical or horizontal.3.2.9 sample, nan amount of the material, product, ora
31、ssembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as awhole.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
32、website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland or American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available
33、 from British Standards Institution, PO Box 4033, Linford Wood,Milton Keynes, MK 14 6LE, United KingdomE2102 1423.2.10 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the productwhich is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThis may include an air gap.3.2.11 sustained flaming,
34、 nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for a period of4sormore.3.2.12 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence of a flame on or over most of the specimensurface for a period of at least 4 s.3.2.13 time to sustained flaming, ntime to ignition.3.2.1
35、4 transitory flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 and4s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method employs a conically-shapedelectrically-heated radiant-energy source, positioned so as toproduce an irradiance level of up to 100 kW/m2, ave
36、raged overthe center of the exposed surface of an essentially planarspecimen. An external spark ignitor is available, if required.This test method is used to determine continuously the masslost during the combustion process, using a load cell, forscreening purposes. Ignitability is also assessed by
37、the testmethod.4.1.1 Optionally, the test method is capable of obtaining anestimate of the heat released by the specimen during theburning process, using a thermopile housed above the burningspecimen (See Annex A2). Determinations of heat releaseusing a similar radiant-energy source and oxygen consu
38、mptioncalorimetry, are made with the cone calorimeter, Test MethodE1354.4.2 The specimen is essentially planar, 100 mm by 100 mm(3.9 by 3.9 in.) in size, at a thickness not exceeding 25 mm (1in.) and is mounted within a holder.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for screenin
39、gmaterials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, andignitability they exhibit under specified heat flux exposureconditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable forscreening for the heat released, by using a thermopile method(See Annex A2).5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards,
40、states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and massloss (both measured in this test method), as well as flamespread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency ofsmoke.5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assemblyis a fire-test-response characteri
41、stic that gives an indication ofits burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associatedwith slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is notalways a result of combustion, and that this method does notassess release of smoke or combustion products.5.1.3 The time to ignition of a materi
42、al, product, or assem-bly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indicationof its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level andsubsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface.Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lowerpropensity for the material
43、, product, or assembly to becomeinvolved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however thismethod does not assess the smoke or combustion productsreleased.5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable toassess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials,products, or assemblie
44、s tested, by assessing ignitability atvarious heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance).5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to thespecimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherentfundamental properties of the material, product, or assemblytested. Thus, closely repeatable or
45、 reproducible experimentalresults are not to be expected from this test method when testsare conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, whileintroducing variations in properties such as specimen thicknessor density.5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method.The instrument
46、 is capable of generating irradiances ranging upto 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of theapplication of the material, product, or assembly to be tested,and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, themethod is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10kW/m3(see
47、5.7.3).5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release,a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygenconsumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter,Test Method E1354, in its applications standards, such as TestMethod E1474 and E1740, or in intermediate scale or a
48、 largescale calorimetry test methods, such as Test Methods E1623,E1537, E1590 or D5537 (see also Annex A2). On the otherhand the thermopile method of assessing heat release has beenused extensively because of its simplicity, including TestMethod E906, and other applications discussed in GuideE603.65
49、.5 Testing of composites and dimensionally unstable ma-terials requires special procedures (see 8.4 and 8.5).5.6 Testing in the vertical orientation is feasible with the testmethod, but not recommended, as it has been shown to havethe potential to lead to serious measurement errors on time toignition.5.7 Limitations5.7.1 No universal formula exists for calculation of heatrelease as a function of mass loss. If heat release data aredesired, calibration curves must be developed by the user, andthey are specific to the material, product, or assembly tested.5.7.2 I
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