1、Designation: E 2115 06Standard Guide forConducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and ofOther Child-Occupied Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document and reportfindings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings
3、 and of otherchild-occupied facilities.1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such astoys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute toelevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwell-ings having multiple units are
4、not included.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
5、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresE 631 Terminology of Buil
6、ding ConstructionsE 1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE 1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE 164
7、4 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust WipeSamples for the Determination of LeadE 1645 Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples byHotplate or Microwave Digestion for Subsequent LeadAnalysisE 1726 Practice for Preparation of Soil Samples by HotplateDigestion for Subsequent Lead AnalysisE 1
8、727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples forSubsequent Lead DeterminationE 1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent LeadDeterminationE 1729 Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samplesfor Subsequent Lead DeterminationE 1753 Pract
9、ice for Use of Qualitative Chemical Spot TestKits for Detection of Lead in Dry Paint FilmsE 1864 Practice for Evaluating Quality Systems of Organi-zations Conducting Facility and Hazard Assessments forLead in Paint, Dust, Airborne Particulate, and Soil in andaround Buildings and Related StructuresE
10、1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination ofLeadE 2051 Practice for the Determination of Lead in Paint,Settled Dust, Soil and Air Particulate by Field-PortableElectroanalysisE2119 Practice for Quality Systems for Conducting In SituMeasu
11、rements of Lead Content in Paint or Other CoatingsUsing Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) DevicesE 2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for Lead Hazard ActivitiesE 2252 Practice for Selection of Lead Hazard ReductionMethods for Identified Risks in Residential Housing orChi
12、ld Occupied Facilities2.2 Other Documents:40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Resi-dential Structures (especially subparts D, L and Q)3Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
13、ommittee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Abatementof Hazards from Lead in Buildings and Related Structures.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as
14、E 2115 05a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Su
15、perintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Paint Hazards in Housing, HUD-1539-LBP, June 1995,revised September 1997 (“HUD Guidelines”)43. Ter
16、minology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms not appearing here, refer toTerminologies E 631 and E 1605.3.1.2 lead hazard assessment, nan investigation of build-ings and associated areas in the immediate vicinity of thebuildings conducted to determine the location, type, andseverity of lead
17、 hazards.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide discusses the conduct of a lead hazardassessment, in a stepwise progression, using a systematicapplication of the three general tasks listed below. Simulta-neous conduct of several activities within these tasks generallyis performed.4.1.1 Task 1Pre-site vis
18、it activities: Preparing for theon-site visit.4.1.2 Task 2On-site activities: Conducting field work.4.1.3 Task 3Post-site visit activities: Analyzing informa-tion and reporting.NOTE 1The procedures described in this guide are based on thehazard identification portion of a risk assessment of dwelling
19、s and otherfacilities frequented by children as described in 40CFR745 and HUDTechnical Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based PaintHazards in Housing.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning ofchildren by providing standardized procedures for
20、conductinga lead hazard assessment and providing information needed todevelop and recommend lead hazard control options as de-scribed in E 2252.5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied orunoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.5.3 The procedures in this guide, when
21、 supplemented byrecommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for theconduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of otherchild-occupied facilities.5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessmentprocedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead(EBL) levels in young chi
22、ldren.NOTE 2In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total livingenvironment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also beneeded. Reference should be made to documents such as ManagingElevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,5Preventing LeadPoisoning in Young Children (1991)
23、,6HUD Technical Guidelines for theEvaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing,4andScreening Young Children for Lead Poisoning.(1997)65.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings andfor other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitablefor lead hazard assessments in
24、non-residential buildings andother properties following agreement between assessor andclient on appropriate lead action levels.5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying buildingmaterials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such asthat which may occur in remodeling or renovation acti
25、vities,may result in lead hazards.5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazardsidentified at the time the assessment was performed. Thelocations, types or severities of lead hazards can change overtime as a result of property improvement or deterioration,significant changes in property us
26、e, or other factors.NOTE 3The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe theabsence of lead hazards because testing methodologies are not designed tomeasure the total absence of lead. Small amounts of lead present inbuilding materials and components or soil may result in a hazard withchanges
27、in building conditions or as a result of activities that create dustthat contains lead.5.8 This guide is applicable for assisting professionals,homeowners, owners or occupants of rental property, lenders,insurers and others with a property interest in determining thepresence of lead hazards.5.9 This
28、 guide also is applicable for assisting designers oflead hazard mitigation projects to target resources toward leadhazard controls that are deemed most likely to result in theprevention of lead poisoning in young children.6. Requirements for a Risk Assessor6.1 The reliability of a lead hazard assess
29、ment depends onthe training, experience and knowledge of the lead riskassessor. Lead hazard assessments shall be carried out by riskassessors qualified as required through certification or licensingby applicable regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction.7. Conducting a Lead Hazard As
30、sessment7.1 Lead hazard assessments are conducted using a system-atic approach consisting of a series of activities within threegeneral tasks. Although several of the activities within a taskmay be conducted simultaneously in this standard, they arediscussed in a stepwise progression.Task 1Pre-site
31、visit activities: Preparing for the on-site visitPrepare a specifications documentGather property informationPrepare property profileAcquire releasesAssemble assessment suppliesDetermine and document qualifications of personnel and laboratoriesPrepare summary of collected information.Task 2On-site a
32、ctivities: Conducting field workConduct visual inspection.Review collected information.Conduct personal interviews.Summarize information.Make decision either to conduct environmental testing or to assumepresence of lead above action levelsConduct environmental testing.Task 3Post-site visit activitie
33、s: Analyzing information and reportingProcess collected environmental samplesIdentify lead hazardsCatalog lead hazards4Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD),451 7th Street S. W., Washington DC 20210.5Recommendations from theAdvisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoni
34、ngPrevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), March 2002.Available from Centers for Disease Control and10.1.9.2 Method reporting limit (MRL) or reporting limit(RL) in micrograms of lead per gram of soil (g/g), milligramsof lead per kilogram of soil (mg/kg), or parts per million (pp
35、m)for soil.10.2 Identify Lead Hazards:10.2.1 For each suspected hazard listed on either the paint/dust/debris or ground data forms, record on the appropriateform the lead content or lead concentration determined by theanalysis, including determinations less than the method report-ing limit ( MRL) or
36、 reporting limit ( RL).10.2.2 Eliminate as a potential hazard each sample having alead content or lead concentration below the method reportinglimit ( MRL) or reporting limit ( RL) except for thosesamples having such a small size that the appropriate actionlevel is less than the MRL or RL.10.3 Catal
37、og Lead Hazards:NOTE 7The purpose of this step is to provide information for makingrecommendations as to the order in which hazard mitigations should becarried out to minimize risks of lead poisoning when available finances arelimited. The lead level and physical dimensions of the hazard and thelike
38、lihood of individuals coming into contact with the hazard areconsidered.10.3.1 Prepare a new form to be entitled the Potential LeadHazard Risk Rating Form. List on this form all potential leadhazards identified in 10.2 (that is, do not include thoseeliminated in 10.2.2).10.3.2 For each potential haz
39、ard listed on the Potential LeadHazard Risk Rating Form, record:10.3.2.1 The action level in regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction or as agreed upon in 8.1.3 (forexample, either the play area or rest-of-yard action level couldbe used in absence of a dripline area level in regulat
40、ionspromulgated by authorities having jurisdiction).NOTE 8In the United States, many jurisdictions follow the standardsfor lead hazards established by the U.S. EPA. Under these standards, adust-lead hazard in a residential unit is determined by comparing thearithmetic mean of the collected dust samp
41、les to the applicable standardwith appropriate weighting of the mean if composite dust wipe samplesare collected. Soil-lead hazards in play areas and in the rest of the yard aredetermined by comparison of a composite soil sample or arithmetic meanof composite soils samples to the applicable standard
42、 for play areas or therest of the yard.10.3.2.2 The determined lead content or lead concentration.10.3.2.3 All the descriptive information from either thepaint/dust/debris or ground data form, including for paint apotential cause of deterioration. (Descriptive information in-cludes, sample code(s),
43、the testing location, and observedcondition.)10.3.2.4 The surfaces represented by the sample.NOTE 9For painted surfaces, all surfaces assumed to have the samepainting history as the surface tested are represented by the paint sample.For dust-testing, a set of floor samples collected in a residence m
44、ayrepresent all the floors in that residence, and similarly for other surfacestested. However, the floor dust sample or samples taken in a room, portionof a room, or room equivalent may represent only the floor in that room,portion of room or room equivalent, and similarly for other surfacestested.
45、For soil testing, the soil samples taken in the play area may be saidto represent all the play area soil, and similarly, for other parts of the yardand other areas tested.E211506610.3.2.5 Appropriate use or use pattern notes determinedduring 9.4.10.3.2.6 Include additional spaces on the form to reco
46、rd anextent-of-hazard rating, a lead level hazard classification, and apotential lead-hazard risk category for each lead hazard (seeTable 2).10.3.3 Assign Extent-of-Hazard RatingFor each potentialhazard listed on the “Potential Lead Hazard Risk RatingForm,” assign an extent-of-hazard rating and reco
47、rd on theform.10.3.3.1 Deteriorated PaintAssign a “major” rating tohazards having an “observed condition” (from the paint/dustdebris data form) of $2m2(20 ft2) on an exterior buildingface, $0.2 m2(2 ft2) on an interior building component, on aroom by room basis, or$10 percent of the total surface ar
48、ea ofa component per unit on an exterior or interior componenthaving small surface area. Assign a “minor” rating for ob-served conditions having less deterioration than that givenabove for a “major” rating.10.3.3.2 Deteriorated Paint on Friction, Impact and Chew-able SurfacesAssign a “major” rating
49、to all paint hazardsassociated with deteriorated paint on friction, impact andchewable surfaces.10.3.3.3 DustAssign a “major” rating to all hazards asso-ciated with dust.10.3.3.4 SoilAssign a “major” rating to soil hazardshaving an “observed condition” from the ground data form ofbare soil areas greater than approximately 0.1 m2(1 ft2).Assign a “minor” rating to soil hazards having an observedcondition of bare soil areas of less than approximately 0.1m2(1 ft2).10.3.4 Lead Level Hazard ClassificationFor each leadhazard listed on the Potential Lead Hazard Risk Rating
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