1、Designation: E 2133 03Standard Test Method forUsing a Rolling Inclinometer to Measure Longitudinal andTransverse Profiles of a Traveled Surface1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the measurement of trans-verse and longitudinal surface p
3、rofiles on paved road, bridge,and airport surfaces using a rolling inclinometer traveling atwalking speed.1.2 It is designed to (1) quantify the roughness of newpavements and bridge decks; (2) Investigate the effect ofvarious construction methods on surface roughness; (3) deter-mine the location for
4、 corrective grinding; and (4) evaluate theeffect of corrective grinding.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem must be used independently of the other.
5、Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
6、 determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems2E 1274 Test Method for Measuring Pavement RoughnessUsing a Profilograph3E 1364 Test Method for Measuring Road Roughness byStatic Level
7、 Method2E 1489 Practice for Computing Ride Number of Roadsfrom Longitudinal Profile Measurements Made by anInertial Profile Measuring Device2E 1703/E 1703M Test Method for Measuring Rut Depth ofPavement Surface Using a Straightedge2E 1926 Practice for Computing International RoughnessIndex of Roads
8、from Longitudinal Profile Measurements22.2 NCHRP Report:NCHRP Report 434 Guidelines for Longitudinal PavementProfile Measurement43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 elevation, nvertical distance of a point on a traveledsurface relative to the horizontal datum.3.1.2 longitudinal profile, nthe perpend
9、icular deviationsof the pavement surface from an established reference parallelto the lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.3.1.3 slope, nangular deviation of the traveled surfacefrom the horizontal datum.3.1.4 transverse profile, nthe vertical deviations of thepavement surface from a
10、 horizontal reference perpendicular tothe lane direction.3.1.5 traveled surface, nany man-made, solid surface forvehicular travel, for example, highways, runways, rails, bridgedecks, guide ways, race ways.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact spacing, nthe fixed distance b
11、etween theforward and rear measurement supports of the rolling incli-nometer device, otherwise known as the wheelbase.3.2.2 data reading, nthe average of a series of slopemeasurements taken over the data reading interval starting atthe beginning of every data spacing.3.2.3 data reading interval, nth
12、e distance in which aseries of slope measurements are taken at regular intervals andthe average slope is computed and saved as the data reading.3.2.4 data spacing, ndistance between successive slopemeasurements, equal to contact spacing.3.2.5 feet or wheels, nthe appendages that physicallycontact th
13、e traveled surface for the purpose of measuring theslope and/or for providing support to the measurement device.3.2.6 inclinometer, na precision instrument that measuresangular deviations of a pavement surface from a horizontaldatum.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 o
14、nVehicle-Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.31on Methods for Measuring Profile and Roughness.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published March 2003.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.3Discontinued; see 2002 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.4Ava
15、ilable from the Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NWWashington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.7 inclinometer bias, nrepeating, uniform error in in-clinometer readings.3.2.8 measurement li
16、ne, na reference line along which therolling inclinometer travels to gather slope data for an elevationprofile. Location of the measurement line shall be establishedat a defined distance from pavement edge or from the center-line or other specified locating reference.3.2.9 run, na sequence of readin
17、gs from a start pointalong the desired profile measurement line (straight or curvedas desired) to the end point.3.3 Additional definitions of terms related to this standardmay be found in Terminology E 867.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Location of longitudinal and transverse profile measure-ment line
18、s shall be established. The location shall be recordedso that it may be reproduced another time.4.2 As the rolling inclinometer is moved along the measure-ment line, an on-board computer sequentially collects andsaves slope and distance data from the inclinometer and wheelsensor.4.3 Starting at one
19、end of a measurement line, elevationdifferences are automatically summed in the direction of travelto create a one-way run elevation profile along the line.4.4 Selected roughness indices, such as those listed in Table1, are calculated, and displayed by the onboard computerscreen; and also road “roug
20、hness/smoothness” and “must grindareas” can be reported in printed graphical and tabular reportform.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes procedures for collectingelevation and distance data of longitudinal and transverseprofiles on a traveled surface.5.2 Results of this test are u
21、sed primarily to:5.2.1 Evaluate the roughness of traveled surfaces, using anyof several roughness indices shown in Table 1. Equationsrequired for calculations of various indexes are contained inreferences shown in Table 1.NOTE 1When this test is used to evaluate the compliance of a newpavement surfa
22、ce with contract roughness specifications, the timeliness ofthe test in relation to the date of the surfaces installation is of criticalimportance. Since most Portland cement concrete surfaces will changeshape within a few days after installationdue to changes in thermal andmoisture gradients which
23、cause curling at joints and cracks and slabedgesfor contractor quality control only, it may be desirable to gatherprofile data within 72 h after pavement installation.5.2.2 Investigate the effect of different construction methodson resulting pavement surface roughness.5.2.3 Investigate the curvature
24、 of (1) pavement surfaces dueto curling, and (2) deflection of structural members withinbridges and other structures.5.2.4 Identify the locations in need of corrective grinding.5.2.5 Measure rut depth using computer simulation in ac-cordance with Test Method E 1703/E 1703M.6. Apparatus6.1 Rolling In
25、clinometer, with fixed wheelbase spacing. Aninclinometer is mounted such that it can measure verticalslopes (based on voltage output) along a line connecting thecenters of the single front and single rear wheels. These slopesare converted to elevation difference by use of trigonometricformulas. The
26、inclinometer chassis is pushed at a uniformwalking speed (avoiding rapid speed changes), along a mea-surement line. Distance traveled is measured by a wheelrotation sensor.6.2 Inclinometer Chassis DeviceAn inclinometer shall bemounted on a chassis supported by a single front and a singlerear wheel i
27、n line with each other, such that the chassis is freeto rotate in a vertical plane as it travels along the desired profileline, collecting slope measurements at specified data spacing.6.3 Inclinometer Wheelbase SpacingRolling inclinometerchassis wheelbase spacing is to be in the range of 150 to 250m
28、m (6 to 10 in.) The minimum wheelbase is chosen toencourage the use of large diameter wheels that will be lesssensitive to imperfections in surface texture of the road. Themaximum spacing is chosen to be less than one-half thesmallest wavelength sensitivity of a road roughness index. Forexample, the
29、 RN is sensitive to wavelengths as short as 0.5 m(1.5 ft). Other wheelbase spacing may be used when differentdata spacing is required for a specific purpose.6.4 Data Spacing shall be an integer multiple of inclinom-eter wheelbase ranging from 150 to 250 mm (6 to 10 in.).6.5 Data Reading shall be con
30、ducted according to one ofthe following procedures:6.5.1 A series of slope readings shall be taken and averagedin a manner suitable to record at minimum one elevation valueat each data reading interval from the start of data collection tothe end of data collection. The Data Reading Interval shall no
31、tbe longer than 50 mm because accurate measurement of theRide Number Index requires a sample interval of 50 mm orshorter per NCHRP Report 434. The average of the series ofslope measurements shall be saved as the recorded datareading.6.5.2 A series of slope readings shall be taken over the entiremeas
32、urement session at a data reading interval such that thedata spacing interval is an integer multiple of the data readinginterval. The data spacing interval as a minimum shall be fivetimes the data reading interval. The collected slope readingshall be filtered with a suitable low-pass digital filter
33、andre-sampled with the data spacing spatial frequency. Each of there-sampled slope data shall be saved as the recorded data pointfor the measurement.6.6 Distance ToleranceThe allowable tolerance on themeasured distance traveled by the device along a measurementline during profiling shall be 6 0.05 %
34、.6.7 Steering, Propulsion and SpeedGuidance shall bewith or without a steering mechanism. Propulsion may be byTABLE 1 Wavelength Sensitivity for Various Road RoughnessIndicesIndex Name Wavelength Sensitivity ASTM ReferenceRide Number (RN) 0.5 to 11.0 m (1.5 to 36.0 ft) E 1489Intl Roughness Index (IR
35、I) 1.3 to 30.0 m (4.3 to 98.4 ft) E 19264 m (12 ft) California BridgeProfilograph3.0 to 15.0 m (9.0 to 48.0 ft) E 12748 m (25 ft) California Profilo-graph (CPI)6.0 to 30.5 m (19.0 to 100.0 ft) E 1274E2133032hand or motor. Travel speed shall be in the range of 1.5 to 5km/h (1 to 3 mph), avoiding rapi
36、d speed changes. Provisionshall be made to correct for changes in velocity.6.8 Compensating for Velocity ChangesSince inclinom-eters are very sensitive to horizontal acceleration and decel-eration, a suitable compensation algorithm must be developedto correct slope data at the end of each run. The v
37、elocity of theapparatus throughout the measurements shall be recorded andsaved with the recorded slope measurement points. The hori-zontal acceleration/deceleration shall be calculated for eachrecorded measurement point. The inclinometer error shall becalculated from the acceleration/deceleration da
38、ta and therecorded slope measurement data corrected.6.9 Data FilteringData from one-way surveys shall befiltered with a second order Butterworth filter, or a filterappropriate for the index being calculated, to calculate rough-ness indexes and to display filtered profiles (for the purpose ofshowing
39、location of bumps).6.10 Unfiltered Data from two-way (closed loop) surveysshall be used to generate elevation profiles of measurementlines. Accuracy of unfiltered profiles shall be within 6 3mm/50 m, plus level error. The reference elevation profile shallbe derived under similar temperature conditio
40、ns and shall bethe average of three readings at each data reading point, usingan accepted rod and level reference profile measuring method.6.11 Operating ConditionsDevice shall be capable ofoperating in environments with 0 to 90 % relative humidity and20 to 40C (0 to 110F) temperatures.7. Establishi
41、ng Measurement Lines7.1 Measurement Test Line LocationsData may be col-lected on a line or lines placed anywhere on the pavement orother surface, wherever elevation profiles or roughness indicesare desired. For most analysis, the lines will be located alongwheel paths, or will be transverse to the l
42、ongitudinal directionof the traveled surface. Longitudinal wheel path lines may bestraight or curved to follow the geometry of the traveledsurface, while transverse measurement lines should normallybe straight. Distance of test lines from joints or pavement edgeshall be part of the recorded data.8.
43、Procedure8.1 CalibrationFollow manufacturers recommended cali-bration procedure.8.2 Define Location of Measurement LinesTo ensure re-liable and repeatable data the device shall follow the measure-ment line with a tolerance of 6 25 mm (1 in.).8.3 Profile Data Collection:8.3.1 Sign ConventionPositive
44、slope values indicate achange in elevation opposite to gravity. Negative valuesindicate a change in elevation in the direction of gravity.8.3.2 Longitudinal Profiles in Wheel PathsIf a longitudi-nal measurement line lies in a left or right wheel path, the startpoints of the left and right line shall
45、 be established on a lineperpendicular to the pavement edge unless otherwise stated inreport. A unique identification must be given to each measure-ment line together with all other information required for report(see Section 9).8.3.2.1 Collect the elevation differences along the left andright wheel
46、 paths. To prevent confusion in interpreting andanalyzing the profiles later, it is suggested that one-way runs bemade in the same direction as the traffic flow. Devices with amirror imaging feature can be used to efficiently reorient aprofile to the direction of traffic.8.4 Calculate Roughness Indi
47、ces and Must-Grind Areas:8.4.1 Specify one or more indices as shown in Table 1 andspecify an acceptable range for the index. Specify measure-ment line length and maximum line length for calculatingroughness indexes if they are to be calculated at regulardistances along each measurement line, as well
48、 as for the entiremeasurement line. References in Table 1 contain the necessaryformulas for calculation of indices.8.4.1.1 Calculate required Roughness Index for each mea-surement line using slope or elevation data that is collected byrolling inclinometer device.8.4.2 Specify the following parameter
49、s for calculating“must grind” areas (from California Profilograph data): seg-ment length, blanking band, template length, defect height,safety margin.9. Report9.1 The field report for each test section shall contain dataon the following items:9.1.1 Date and time of day,9.1.2 Operator,9.1.3 Weather conditions; principally temperature, cloudcover, and wind,9.1.4 Name, serial number, and manufacturer of RollingInclinometer device used; and Contact/Data spacing,9.1.5 Location and description of each longitudinal ortransverse measurement line:9.1.5.1 Surface
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