1、Designation: E2133 03 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forUsing a Rolling Inclinometer to Measure Longitudinal andTransverse Profiles of a Traveled Surface1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the measurement of trans-verse and longitu
3、dinal surface profiles on paved road, bridge,and airport surfaces using a rolling inclinometer traveling atwalking speed.1.2 It is designed to (1) quantify the roughness of newpavements and bridge decks; (2) Investigate the effect ofvarious construction methods on surface roughness; (3) deter-mine t
4、he location for corrective grinding; and (4) evaluate theeffect of corrective grinding.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
5、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement SystemsE1274 Test
6、Method for Measuring Pavement RoughnessUsing a ProfilographE1364 Test Method for Measuring Road Roughness byStatic Level MethodE1489 Practice for Computing Ride Number of Roads fromLongitudinal Profile Measurements Made by an InertialProfile Measuring DeviceE1703/E1703M Test Method for Measuring Rut
7、-Depth ofPavement Surfaces Using a StraightedgeE1926 Practice for Computing International Roughness In-dex of Roads from Longitudinal Profile Measurements2.2 NCHRP Report:NCHRP Report 434 Guidelines for Longitudinal PavementProfile Measurement33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 elevation, nvertical
8、 distance of a point on a traveledsurface relative to the horizontal datum.3.1.2 longitudinal profile, nthe perpendicular deviationsof the pavement surface from an established reference parallelto the lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.3.1.3 slope, nangular deviation of the travele
9、d surfacefrom the horizontal datum.3.1.4 transverse profile, nthe vertical deviations of thepavement surface from a horizontal reference perpendicular tothe lane direction.3.1.5 traveled surface, nany man-made, solid surface forvehicular travel, for example, highways, runways, rails, bridgedecks, gu
10、ide ways, race ways.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact spacing, nthe fixed distance between theforward and rear measurement supports of the rolling incli-nometer device, otherwise known as the wheelbase.3.2.2 data reading, nthe average of a series of slopemeasurements t
11、aken over the data reading interval starting atthe beginning of every data spacing.3.2.3 data reading interval, nthe distance in which aseries of slope measurements are taken at regular intervals andthe average slope is computed and saved as the data reading.3.2.4 data spacing, ndistance between suc
12、cessive slopemeasurements, equal to contact spacing.3.2.5 feet or wheels, nthe appendages that physicallycontact the traveled surface for the purpose of measuring theslope and/or for providing support to the measurement device.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehi
13、cle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.31 onMethods for Measuring Profile and Roughness.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2133 03 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/E2133-03R13.2
14、For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth S
15、treet, NWWashington, DC 20001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.6 inclinometer, na precision instrument that measuresangular deviations of a pavement surface from a horizontaldatum.3.2.7 inclinometer bias, nrepeating
16、, uniform error in in-clinometer readings.3.2.8 measurement line, na reference line along which therolling inclinometer travels to gather slope data for an elevationprofile. Location of the measurement line shall be establishedat a defined distance from pavement edge or from the center-line or other
17、 specified locating reference.3.2.9 run, na sequence of readings from a start point alongthe desired profile measurement line (straight or curved asdesired) to the end point.3.3 Additional definitions of terms related to this standardmay be found in Terminology E867.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Loca
18、tion of longitudinal and transverse profile measure-ment lines shall be established. The location shall be recordedso that it may be reproduced another time.4.2 As the rolling inclinometer is moved along the measure-ment line, an on-board computer sequentially collects andsaves slope and distance da
19、ta from the inclinometer and wheelsensor.4.3 Starting at one end of a measurement line, elevationdifferences are automatically summed in the direction of travelto create a one-way run elevation profile along the line.4.4 Selected roughness indices, such as those listed in Table1, are calculated, and
20、 displayed by the onboard computerscreen; and also road “roughness/smoothness” and “must grindareas” can be reported in printed graphical and tabular reportform.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes procedures for collectingelevation and distance data of longitudinal and transverse
21、profiles on a traveled surface.5.2 Results of this test are used primarily to:5.2.1 Evaluate the roughness of traveled surfaces, using anyof several roughness indices shown in Table 1. Equationsrequired for calculations of various indexes are contained inreferences shown in Table 1.NOTE 1When this t
22、est is used to evaluate the compliance of a newpavement surface with contract roughness specifications, the timeliness ofthe test in relation to the date of the surfaces installation is of criticalimportance. Since most Portland cement concrete surfaces will changeshape within a few days after insta
23、llationdue to changes in thermal andmoisture gradients which cause curling at joints and cracks and slabedgesfor contractor quality control only, it may be desirable to gatherprofile data within 72 h after pavement installation.5.2.2 Investigate the effect of different construction methodson resulti
24、ng pavement surface roughness.5.2.3 Investigate the curvature of (1) pavement surfaces dueto curling, and (2) deflection of structural members withinbridges and other structures.5.2.4 Identify the locations in need of corrective grinding.5.2.5 Measure rut depth using computer simulation in ac-cordan
25、ce with Test Method E1703/E1703M.6. Apparatus6.1 Rolling Inclinometer, with fixed wheelbase spacing. Aninclinometer is mounted such that it can measure verticalslopes (based on voltage output) along a line connecting thecenters of the single front and single rear wheels. These slopesare converted to
26、 elevation difference by use of trigonometricformulas. The inclinometer chassis is pushed at a uniformwalking speed (avoiding rapid speed changes), along a mea-surement line. Distance traveled is measured by a wheelrotation sensor.6.2 Inclinometer Chassis DeviceAn inclinometer shall bemounted on a c
27、hassis supported by a single front and a singlerear wheel in line with each other, such that the chassis is freeto rotate in a vertical plane as it travels along the desired profileline, collecting slope measurements at specified data spacing.6.3 Inclinometer Wheelbase SpacingRolling inclinometercha
28、ssis wheelbase spacing is to be in the range of 150 to 250mm (6 to 10 in.) The minimum wheelbase is chosen toencourage the use of large diameter wheels that will be lesssensitive to imperfections in surface texture of the road. Themaximum spacing is chosen to be less than one-half thesmallest wavele
29、ngth sensitivity of a road roughness index. Forexample, the RN is sensitive to wavelengths as short as 0.5 m(1.5 ft). Other wheelbase spacing may be used when differentdata spacing is required for a specific purpose.6.4 Data Spacing shall be an integer multiple of inclinom-eter wheelbase ranging fro
30、m 150 to 250 mm (6 to 10 in.).6.5 Data Reading shall be conducted according to one of thefollowing procedures:6.5.1 A series of slope readings shall be taken and averagedin a manner suitable to record at minimum one elevation valueat each data reading interval from the start of data collection tothe
31、 end of data collection. The Data Reading Interval shall notbe longer than 50 mm because accurate measurement of theRide Number Index requires a sample interval of 50 mm orshorter per NCHRP Report 434. The average of the series ofslope measurements shall be saved as the recorded datareading.6.5.2 As
32、eries of slope readings shall be taken over the entiremeasurement session at a data reading interval such that thedata spacing interval is an integer multiple of the data readinginterval. The data spacing interval as a minimum shall be fivetimes the data reading interval. The collected slope reading
33、shall be filtered with a suitable low-pass digital filter andTABLE 1 Wavelength Sensitivity for Various Road RoughnessIndicesIndex Name Wavelength SensitivityASTMReferenceRide Number (RN) 0.5 to 11.0 m (1.5 to 36.0 ft) E1489Intl Roughness Index (IRI) 1.3 to 30.0 m (4.3 to 98.4 ft) E19264 m (12 ft) C
34、alifornia BridgeProfilograph3.0 to 15.0 m (9.0 to 48.0 ft) E12748 m (25 ft) California Profilo-graph (CPI)6.0 to 30.5 m (19.0 to 100.0ft)E1274E2133 03 (2013)2re-sampled with the data spacing spatial frequency. Each of there-sampled slope data shall be saved as the recorded data pointfor the measurem
35、ent.6.6 Distance ToleranceThe allowable tolerance on themeasured distance traveled by the device along a measurementline during profiling shall be 6 0.05 %.6.7 Steering, Propulsion and SpeedGuidance shall bewith or without a steering mechanism. Propulsion may be byhand or motor. Travel speed shall b
36、e in the range of 1.5 to 5km/h (1 to 3 mph), avoiding rapid speed changes. Provisionshall be made to correct for changes in velocity.6.8 Compensating for Velocity ChangesSince inclinom-eters are very sensitive to horizontal acceleration anddeceleration, a suitable compensation algorithm must be de-v
37、eloped to correct slope data at the end of each run. Thevelocity of the apparatus throughout the measurements shall berecorded and saved with the recorded slope measurementpoints. The horizontal acceleration/deceleration shall be calcu-lated for each recorded measurement point. The inclinometererror
38、 shall be calculated from the acceleration/deceleration dataand the recorded slope measurement data corrected.6.9 Data FilteringData from one-way surveys shall befiltered with a second order Butterworth filter, or a filterappropriate for the index being calculated, to calculate rough-ness indexes an
39、d to display filtered profiles (for the purpose ofshowing location of bumps).6.10 Unfiltered Data from two-way (closed loop) surveysshall be used to generate elevation profiles of measurementlines. Accuracy of unfiltered profiles shall be within 6 3mm/50 m, plus level error. The reference elevation
40、profile shallbe derived under similar temperature conditions and shall bethe average of three readings at each data reading point, usingan accepted rod and level reference profile measuring method.6.11 Operating ConditionsDevice shall be capable ofoperating in environments with 0 to 90 % relative hu
41、midity and20 to 40C (0 to 110F) temperatures.7. Establishing Measurement Lines7.1 Measurement Test Line LocationsData may be col-lected on a line or lines placed anywhere on the pavement orother surface, wherever elevation profiles or roughness indicesare desired. For most analysis, the lines will b
42、e located alongwheel paths, or will be transverse to the longitudinal directionof the traveled surface. Longitudinal wheel path lines may bestraight or curved to follow the geometry of the traveledsurface, while transverse measurement lines should normallybe straight. Distance of test lines from joi
43、nts or pavement edgeshall be part of the recorded data.8. Procedure8.1 CalibrationFollow manufacturers recommended cali-bration procedure.8.2 Define Location of Measurement LinesTo ensure reli-able and repeatable data the device shall follow the measure-ment line with a tolerance of 6 25 mm (1 in.).
44、8.3 Profile Data Collection:8.3.1 Sign ConventionPositive slope values indicate achange in elevation opposite to gravity. Negative valuesindicate a change in elevation in the direction of gravity.8.3.2 Longitudinal Profiles in Wheel PathsIf a longitudi-nal measurement line lies in a left or right wh
45、eel path, the startpoints of the left and right line shall be established on a lineperpendicular to the pavement edge unless otherwise stated inreport. A unique identification must be given to each measure-ment line together with all other information required for report(see Section 9).8.3.2.1 Colle
46、ct the elevation differences along the left andright wheel paths. To prevent confusion in interpreting andanalyzing the profiles later, it is suggested that one-way runs bemade in the same direction as the traffic flow. Devices with amirror imaging feature can be used to efficiently reorient aprofil
47、e to the direction of traffic.8.4 Calculate Roughness Indices and Must-Grind Areas:8.4.1 Specify one or more indices as shown in Table 1 andspecify an acceptable range for the index. Specify measure-ment line length and maximum line length for calculatingroughness indexes if they are to be calculate
48、d at regulardistances along each measurement line, as well as for the entiremeasurement line. References in Table 1 contain the necessaryformulas for calculation of indices.8.4.1.1 Calculate required Roughness Index for each mea-surement line using slope or elevation data that is collected byrolling
49、 inclinometer device.8.4.2 Specify the following parameters for calculating“must grind” areas (from California Profilograph data): seg-ment length, blanking band, template length, defect height,safety margin.9. Report9.1 The field report for each test section shall contain dataon the following items:9.1.1 Date and time of day,9.1.2 Operator,9.1.3 Weather conditions; principally temperature, cloudcover, and wind,9.1.4 Name, serial number, and manufacturer of RollingInclinometer device used; and Contact/Data spacing,9.1.5 Location and description of
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