1、Designation: E2141 12Standard Test Methods forAssessing the Durability of Absorptive ElectrochromicCoatings on Sealed Insulating Glass Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the accelerated aging andmonitoring of the time-dependent perfor
3、mance of electrochro-mic glazings. Cross sections of typical electrochromic win-dows are shown in which devices have four or five-layers ofcoatings that include the two or three active layers sandwichedbetween transparent conducting electrodes (TCOs, see Section3).1.2 The test methods are applicable
4、 only for multilayered(two or more coatings between the TCOs) absorptive electro-chromic coatings on sealed insulating glass (IG) units fabri-cated for vision glass (superstrate and substrate) areas for usein buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, andexterior wall systems. The multila
5、yers used for electrochromi-cally changing the optical properties may be inorganic ororganic materials between the superstrate and substrate.1.3 The electrochromic coatings used in this test method areexposed to solar radiation and are deployed to control theamount of radiation by absorption and ref
6、lection and thus, limitthe solar heat gain and amount of solar radiation that istransmitted into the building.1.4 The test methods are not applicable to other chromoge-nic devices, such as, photochromic and thermochromic de-vices.1.5 The test methods are not applicable to electrochromicdevices consi
7、sting of three layers of coatings including the twotransparent conducting electrodes (see Section 3).1.6 The test methods are not applicable to electrochromicwindows that are constructed from superstrate or substratematerials other than glass.1.7 The test methods referenced herein are laboratory tes
8、tsconducted under specified conditions. These tests are intendedto simulate and, in some cases, to also accelerate actualin-service use of the electrochromic windows. Results fromthese tests cannot be used to predict the performance with timeof in-service units unless actual corresponding in-service
9、 testshave been conducted and appropriate analyses have beenconducted to show how performance can be predicted from theaccelerated aging tests.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associat
10、ed with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC1199 Test Met
11、hod for Measuring the Steady-State ThermalTransmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot BoxMethodsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE892 Tables for Terrestrial
12、 Solar Spectral Irradiance at AirMass 1.5 for a 37 Tilted SurfaceE903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, andTransmittance of Materials Using Integrating SpheresE1423 Practice for Determining Steady State ThermalTransmittance of Fenestration SystemsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural an
13、d Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials2.2 Canadian Standards:CAN/CGSB 12.8 Insulating Glass Units31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.22on Durability Performance of Building
14、 Constructions.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2141 06. DOI:10.1520/E2141-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
15、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), Place du PortageIII, 6B1 11 Laurier Street Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
16、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology in C168, E631, andG113 for descriptions of general terms.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accelerated aging testan aging test in which the rateof degradation of buildin
17、g components or materials is inten-tionally accelerated from that expected in actual service.3.2.2 bleached statea descriptor for an EC coating whenno ions reside in the electrochromic layer or after ions havebeen removed (or inserted, depending on the type of material)from the electrochromic layer(
18、s) and if applicable, the maxi-mum number of ions have been returned to the counterelec-trode layer to restore the photopic specular transmittance in thebleached state (b) from that of the photopic optical speculartransmittance in the colored state (c).3.2.3 colored statea descriptor for an EC coati
19、ng afterions have been inserted (or removed, depending on the type ofmaterial) into the electrochromic layer and, if applicable,removed from the counterelectrode layer to reduce the pho-topic optical specular transmittance (of wavelengths from 400nm to 730 nm) from that in the bleached state (b).3.2
20、.4 durabilitythe capability of maintaining the service-ability of a product, component, assembly or construction overa specified time.3.2.5 electrochromic coating (ECC)the multilayered ma-terials that include the electrochromic layers, other layers, andtransparent conducting oxide layers required fo
21、r altering theoptical properties of the coating.3.2.6 electrochromic layer(s)the material(s) in an electro-chromic coating (ECC) that alter its optical properties inresponse to the insertion or removal of ions, that is, Li+or H+.3.2.7 electrochromic glazinga device with an ECC con-sisting of several
22、 layers of electrochromic materials, attendantmaterials, and one or more lites of glass, which are able to altertheir optical properties in response to a change in an appliedelectric field. The changeable optical properties includetransmittance, reflectance, and absorptance.3.2.8 fenestrationany ope
23、ning in a buildings envelopeincluding windows, doors, and skylights.3.2.9 performance parametersthe photopic transmittanceratio (PTR) (PTR = b/c) between the bleached and coloredstates; coloring and bleaching times and open-circuit memory.3.2.10 serviceabilitythe capability of a building product,com
24、ponent, assembly or construction to perform the func-tion(s) for which it was designed and constructed.3.3 For additional useful definitions for terminology usedin this standard, see Appendix X1, X1.2.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test methods are intended to provide a means forevaluating the durab
25、ility of ECCs as described in 1.2.1,4(SeeAppendix X1).5. Background5.1 Durability is a critical requirement for an EC glazingproduct for use in the building envelope. In selecting thematerials, device design, and glazing for any application, theability of the glazing to perform over time is an indic
26、ation ofthat glazings durability. The purpose of this standard testmethod is to assess the durability of ECCs.5.2 EC glazings perform a number of important functions ina building envelope including: minimizing the solar energyheat gain; providing for passive solar energy gain; controllinga variable
27、visual connection with the outside world; enhancinghuman comfort (heat gain), security, ventilation, illumination,and glare control; providing for architectural expression, and(possibly) improving acoustical performance. Some of thesefunctions may deteriorate in performance over time. Solar heatgain
28、 through an EC glazing is decreased because of twoprincipal processes. Energy from the visible part of thespectrum is absorbed by an EC glazing in the colored state. Inaddition, infrared radiation is either absorbed by the ECglazing materials or is reflected by the transparent conductingoxide layers
29、 that are used for applying the coloring orbleaching potentials across the other layers in the EC glazing.5.3 It is possible, but difficult to predict the time-dependentperformance of EC glazings from accelerated aging testsbecause of the reasons listed below. Users of this documentshould be aware o
30、f these limitations when reviewing publishedperformance results and their connection to durability.5.3.1 The degradation mechanisms of ECC materials orglazings, or both, are complex. In some cases, however, thesemechanisms may be determined and quantified.5.3.2 The external factors that affect the p
31、erformance of ECIGUs are numerous and may be difficult to quantify. However,in some cases, the use, the environmental factors, and otherinformation that influence performance may be known.5.3.3 Fenestration units with tested ECCs may be differentfrom those planned for use in service. Some companies
32、have adatabase of in-service performance that can be compared tolaboratory results.5.4 Degradation factors (or stresses) for EC IGUs includethe ion insertion and removal processes; temperature; solarradiation (especially UV); water vapor; atmospheric gases andpollutants; thermal stresses such as sho
33、ck from sudden rain, aswell as during the diurnal and annual temperature cycles;electrochemically induced stresses in the multilayer thin-filmdevice; hail, dust, and wind; condensation and evaporation ofwater; and thermal expansion mismatches4. These factors maysingularly or collectively limit the s
34、tability and durability ofEC IGUs. Because the EC IGUs are expected to have themultilayer of coatings on one of the surfaces in the air space ofdouble-pane or triple-pane IG units with an inert gas fill in thesealed space, many factors such as high humidity, atmospheric4A. W. Czanderna, D. K. Benson
35、, G. J. Jorgensen, J-G. Zhang, C. E. Tracy, andS. K. Deb, “Durability Issues and Service Lifetime Prediction of ElectrochromicWindows for Buildings Applications,” NREL/TP-510-22702, May 1997, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO; Solar Energy Materials and SolarCells, 56 (1999) pp. 419-43
36、6.E2141 122gases and pollutants, condensation and evaporation of water,and dust should not affect the durability of electrochromiccoatings in IG units.5.4.1 Establishing test procedures from which EC glazingdurability can be predicted and validated for in-service use isextremely important. Because n
37、o uniformly accepted proce-dures or methods have been established for the real-timetesting of EC IGUs and because manufacturers and userscannot wait 20 or more years for the real-time evaluation ofeach window design, accelerated life testing (ALT) methodsand procedures must be used for evaluating EC
38、 glazingstability4. These include (a) rapid but realistic current-voltage(I-V) cyclic tests emphasizing the electrical properties, (b)ALTparameters that are typically used in durability tests bystandards organizations, (c) ALT parameters that are realisticfor the intended use of large-area EC IGUs,
39、and (d) how theALT results must be related to real-time testing. The purpose ofthis test method is to assess the durability of EC IGUs (at least250 6 6mm2506 6 mm).NOTE 1CautionThe seals in IGUs may fail at lower temperaturesthan those planned for testing, that is, 70 to 105C. A seal failure willvir
40、tually guarantee failure of the EC coating, so no assessment of the ECcoating will be made if a seal fails during a test.NOTE 2the test method may also be used for smaller EC glazings toassess the durability of prototype devices. The testing parameters chosenonly provide modest acceleration factors.
41、 However, the quantitativeparameters discussed in (a)(c) above are presented and include a detaileddescription of the procedures for using an accelerated weathering unit(AWU) (See Practice E122).6. Apparatus (See Figs. 1 and 2 and Section 8.3 for De-scriptive Detail)6.1 Accelerated Weathering Unit (
42、AWU) consisting of prop-erly filtered xenon-arc lamps to simulate over the applicabledegradative wavelength region (UV plus visible) at leastone-sun of solar irradiance at AM 1.5 (global) at sea level(E892), a controlled temperature chamber, and humidity con-trol in the chamber.6.2 Voltage Cycling U
43、nit for imposing voltage cycles toalternately and repeatedly color and bleach the EC IGUs froma fully bleached state to the colored state and back to thebleached state.6.3 Computer Controlled Photodiode Array Spectrophotom-eter that is, for obtaining and storing data from the electro-optical charact
44、erization of the optical transmittance in thecolored and bleached state and measuring the rate of coloringand bleaching.6.4 Oven that is large enough for the largest EC IGU to betested and that can reach the EC IGU testing temperature. Theoven must also be designed to permit using the equipment in6.
45、3 for optical measurements while the EC IGU is maintainedat the temperature chosen for testing in the AWU described in6.1.6.5 Tungsten Lamp. A spectrum from the source must becompatible with the fiber optic illumination of the photodiodearray spectrophotometer described in 6.3.6.6 Digital Camera.6.7
46、 Video Camera and Recorder.FIG. 1 Top-View Schematic Diagram of the Essential Components of an Environmental Test Chamber and Computer-Controlled Electri-cal Cycling and Data Acquisition System for Accelerated Weathering of Electrochromic DevicesE2141 1236.8 Calibrated Thermocouples.6.9 Electrical L
47、eads from the Unit in 6.2 to each EC IGU inthe AWU described in 6.1.7. Test Specimens7.1 Test specimen size, design, and construction shall beestablished and specified by the user of this standard, exceptthe specimens shall be at least 250 6 6mm2506 6 mm.7.2 Six to 10 test specimens that are represe
48、nted to be“identical” shall be the minimum number used to assess thedurability of a particular design and construction. (See Item 2in Appendix X1).8. Procedure58.1 Overview. Expose the EC IGUs to simulated solarirradiance in a temperature- and humidity-controlled chamberat selected sample temperatur
49、es ranging from 70C to 105Cwhile the ECWs are cyclically colored and bleached with theability to pause during the duty cycles, depending on thecontrol strategy prescribed by the manufacturer. The “testing”temperature shall be that of the EC coated lite in the coloredstate; the average EC IGU temperature will be less because ofa typical decrease of about 5C when the EC IGU is in thebleached state. Accept the prevailing relative humidity in thechamber (that is, 5 % to 20 %) because the prototype multi-layer coatings will be sealed inside double-pane or
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