1、Designation: E 2148 06An American National StandardStandard Guide forUsing Documents Related to Metalworking or MetalRemoval Fluid Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documentsrelated to health and safe
3、ty of metalworking and metal removalfluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficientbackground information to effectively use the documents listedin Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are groupedas applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This standard does not pur
4、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D
5、 7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE 1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE 1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogen
6、ic Poten-tial of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE 1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE 2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE 2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobi
7、al Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids2.2 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: AGuide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal RemovalFluids3Criteria for a Re
8、commended Standard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworking Fluids4Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual53. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 endotoxins, nlipopolysaccharides derived from theouter membranes of Gram-negative bacteria.3.1.2 metal
9、removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to producethe finished part.3.1.2.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by thispractice include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils, semi
10、syn-thetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted withwater before use. Metal removal fluids become contaminatedduring use in the workplace with a variety of workplacesubstances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissol
11、vedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare of employees in contact with thecontami
12、nated metal removal fluid.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on OccupationalHealth and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Origina
13、llyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 2148 - 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
14、 ASTM website.3Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 SunderlandPlace, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http:/www.orc-4Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pationa
15、l Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.5Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
16、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 mutagenicity index, nthe slope of the dose responsecurve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test described inTest Method E 1687.4. Significance and Use4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with infor-mation on how to use the vario
17、us documents listed in Section2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metalremoval fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall intoseveral categories, such as producers of metalworking or metalremoval fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers,users of metalw
18、orking or metal removal fluids, and otherinterested parties, such as non governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar withall the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users mayeach want to focus on certain documents which are directlyapplicable to them:4
19、.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:4.4.1 E 1687 Test Method for Determining CarcinogenicPotential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids4.4.1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test pro-cedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ameset. al6(see also Maron et al7). It can be
20、 used as a screeningtechnique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcino-gens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalwork-ing oils. Persons who use this test should be well-versed in theconduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical andchemical properties of petroleum
21、 products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removalfluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in theformulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils andsoluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have anacceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency in
22、dex.4.4.2 E 1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing ofWater-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids4.4.2.1 This guide defines acute animal toxicity tests andsets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicityof water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4.2.2 Application of this
23、guide will provide informationon the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluidsand will assist the user in evaluating the potential healthhazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:4.5.1 E 1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Wa
24、ter-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids4.5.1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the safe use ofmetal removal fluids, additives and biocides. This includesproduct selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typicallyused at high di
25、lution and dilution rates vary widely. Addition-ally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removalfluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additivesand biocides.4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a syntheti
26、c oil, or otheroils of animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intendedto be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are oftenincluded in straight oil formulations.4.5.2 E 1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols inthe Wet Metal Removal Environment4.5.2.1 This practice sets fort
27、h guidelines for minimizingeffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 This practice incorporates all practical means andmechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to controleffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D 7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fl
28、uid Aerosolin Workplace Atmospheres4.5.3.1 This test method covers a procedure for the deter-mination of both total collected particulate matter and extract-able mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a rangefrom 0.05 mg/m3to 5 mg/m3in workplace atmospheres.4.5.3.2 This test method descr
29、ibes a standardized means ofcollecting worker exposure information that can be comparedto existing exposure databases, using a test method that is alsomore specific to metal removal fluids.4.5.4 E 2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysisof Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplac
30、eAtmospheres4.5.4.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for thepersonal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxinconcentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols inworkplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamentalknowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin test-
31、ing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols presentpotential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.4.5.4.3 Users of this practice may obtain personal exposuredata of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, either on ashort-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.4.5.
32、4.4 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxinconcentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 This practice seeks to minimize interlaboratoryvariation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitateinterlaboratory comparisons of airborne
33、endotoxin data frommetalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removalfluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sam-pling, extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E 2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticidesfor Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.5.1 This pract
34、ice provides recommendations for select-ing antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents informationregarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factorsincluding target microbes, efficacy and chemical compatibility.4.5.5.2 This
35、guide is not an encyclopedic compilation of allthe concepts and terminology uses by chemists, microbiologits,toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers and regulatory af-fairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selectionand application. Instead, it provides a general understanding ofth
36、e selection process and its supporting considerations.6Ames, B.N. et al., Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 347-363.7Maron, D. et al, Mutation Research, Vol. 113, 1983, pp. 173-215.E21480624.5.6 E 2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-centration in Water Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.
37、6.1 This method covers quantitative methods for thesampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterial endot-oxin concentrations in water miscible metalworking fluids(MWF).4.5.6.2 Users of this method should be familiar with thehandling of MWF.4.5.6.3 This method gives an estimate of the endotoxin
38、concentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used on site, this method gives an indication of changesin Gram-negative bacterial contamination in the MWF.(2) This method does not replace Practice E 2144.4.5.6.4 This method seeks to minimize inter-laboratoryvariation but does not ensure uniformity of results.
39、4.5.6.5 This method is intended to relate endotoxin concen-tration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.6 Documents Applicable to All:4.6.1 Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environ-ment: A Guide to the Safe and Effcient Use of Metal RemovalFluids4.6.1.1 This guide collects best pract
40、ices in the managementof metal removal fluid systems and provides an educationaltool to assist users in taking control of the MRF systems intheir workplaces.4.6.1.2 For many industrial organizations, focusing on thesystematic management of MRF systems has proven effectivein controlling exposures in
41、the wet metal removal/machiningenvironment. The recommendations are distilled from theexperiences of Organization Resources Counselors membercompanies and represent best practice.4.6.2 Criteria for a Recommended Standard: OccupationalExposure to Metalworking Fluids4.6.2.1 This criteria document revi
42、ews available informa-tion about the adverse health effects associated with occupa-tional exposure to metalworking fluids and metalworking fluidaerosols.4.6.2.2 Criteria documents provide the scientific basis fornew occupational safety and health standards and contain acritical review of the scienti
43、fic and technical informationavailable on the prevalence of hazards, the existence of safetyand health risks, and the adequacy of control methods.4.6.3 Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Prac-tices Manual4.6.3.1 This document reviews best practices as docu-mented by the Occupational Safety
44、and Health Administration,including engineering and work practice controls, establishinga metalworking fluid management program, instituting anexposure monitoring program, medical monitoring of exposedemployees and training.4.6.3.2 This manual is not a standard or regulation andcreates no new legal
45、obligations. It is advisory in nature,informational in content, and is intended to assist employers inproviding a safe and healthful workplace for workers exposedto metalworking fluids through effective prevention programsadapted to the needs and resources of each place of employ-ment.5. Keywords5.1
46、 acute toxicity testing; aerosol; base oils; endotoxins;metal removal fluid; metal removal fluid aerosols; metalremoval fluid management; metalworking fluids; modifiedAmes test; workplace atmospheresASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connect
47、ion with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsibl
48、e technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful cons
49、ideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or
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