1、Designation: E2153 01 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forObtaining Bispectral Photometric Data for Evaluation ofFluorescent Color1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a fluorescent specimen is to obtain bispect
3、ralphotometric data for specified irradiating and viewing geometries, and from these data to computetristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer anda CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the procedures used to obtain precisebispec
4、tral photometric data are contained in this practice. Values and procedures for computing CIEtristimulus values from bispectral photometric data are contained in Practice E2152. Generalconsiderations regarding the selection of appropriate irradiating and viewing geometries are containedin Guide E179
5、; further specific considerations applicable to fluorescent specimens are contained in thispractice.1. Scope1.1 This practice addresses the instrumental measurementrequirements, calibration procedures, and material standardsneeded for obtaining precise bispectral photometric data forcomputing the co
6、lors of fluorescent specimens.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specifiedwhen bispectral photometric measurements are required inspecific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 This practice applies specifically to bispectrometers,which produce photometrically quantitative bispe
7、ctral data asoutput, useful for the characterization of appearance, as op-posed to spectrofluorimeters, which produce instrument-dependent bispectral photometric data as output, useful for thepurpose of chemical analysis.1.4 The scope of this practice is limited to the discussion ofobject-color meas
8、urement under reflection geometries; it doesnot include provisions for the analogous characterization ofspecimens under transmission geometries.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, as
9、sociated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac-tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally rec
10、ognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E179 Guide for Sele
11、ction of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Propertiesof MaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidthdoes not Exceed 2 nmE958 Practice for Estimation of the Spect
12、ral Bandwidth ofUltraviolet-Visible SpectrophotometersE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1341 Practice for Obtaining Spectroradiometric Data fromRadiant Sources for Colorimetry1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearan
13、ce and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.05 on Fluores-cence.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2153 01 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/E2153-01R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
14、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Sta
15、tesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Tr
16、ade (TBT) Committee.1E2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric Data2.2 NPL Publications:NPL Report MOM 12 Problems of spectrofluorimetric stan-dards for reflection and colorimetric use32.3 CIE Publications:CIE No. 38-1977 Radiometric and Photometric Ch
17、aracteris-tics of Materials and Their Measurement4CIE 15 Colorimetry4CIE 182:2007: Calibration Methods and PhotoluminescentStandards for Total Radiance Factor Measurement42.4 NIST Publications:NBS No. 260-66 Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating theWavelength Scale of Spectrophotometers53. Terminol
18、ogy3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in TerminologyE284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bispectral fluorescence radiance factor, bF(), ntheratio of the spectral radiance at wavelength due to fluores-cence from a point on the specimen wh
19、en irradiated atwavelength to the total radiance of the perfectly reflectingdiffuser similarly irradiated and viewed (see NPL ReportMOM 12).3.2.2 bispectral radiance factor, b(), nthe ratio of thespectral radiance (radiance per unit waveband) at wavelength from a point on a specimen when irradiated
20、at wavelength tothe total (integrated spectral) radiance of the perfectly reflect-ing diffuser similarly irradiated and viewed.b!L!/L!d(1)3.2.3 bispectral reflection radiance factor, bR(), ntheratio of the spectral radiance at wavelength due to reflectionfrom a point on the specimen when irradiated
21、at wavelength to the total radiance of the perfectly reflecting diffuser similarlyirradiated and viewed.3.2.4 bispectrometer, nan optical instrument equippedwith a source of irradiation, two monochromators, and adetection system, such that a specimen can be measured atindependently-controlled irradi
22、ation and viewing wavelengths.The bispectrometer is designed to allow for calibration toprovide quantitative determination of the bispectral radiation-transfer properties of the specimen. (1)NOTE 1Typically, a reference detection system monitors the radiationincident on the specimen. This reference
23、detection system serves tocompensate for both temporal and spectral variations in the flux incidentupon the specimen, by normalization of readings from the instrumentsemission detection system.3.2.5 diagonal elements, nelements of a bispectral matrixfor which irradiation and viewing wavelengths are
24、equal.3.2.6 diagonal fluorescence, nthe contribution of fluores-cence to diagonal values of a bispectral radiance factor matrix,due to the finite range of actual irradiation and viewingwavelengths when nominal irradiation and viewing wave-lengths are equal ( = ).3.2.7 discrete bispectral radiance fa
25、ctor, B(,), nthematrix defined for specified irradiation and viewing bandpassfunctions, and viewing-wavelength sampling interval () asfollows:B,!bH! (2)where:b() = the average bispectral radiance factor of thespecimen, as weighted by the specified irradiationand viewing bandpass functions.3.2.8 Dona
26、ldson radiance factor, D(,), na special caseof the discrete bispectral radiance factor, for which the speci-fied irradiation and viewing bandpass functions are perfectlyrectangular, with bandwidth equal to irradiation and viewing-wavelength sampling interval.NOTE 2The Donaldson radiance factor is ap
27、proximately equal to theratio of the specimen radiance within the rectangular waveband of width centered at to the radiance of the perfect reflecting diffuser when eachis irradiated over the rectangular waveband of width centered at .3.2.9 fluorescence, nthis standard uses the term “fluores-cence” a
28、s a general term, including both true fluorescence(with a luminescent decay time of less than 10-8s) andphosphorescence with a delay time short enough to be indis-tinguishable from fluorescence for the purpose of colorimetry.3.2.10 near-diagonal element, noff-diagonal elements ofan uncorrected bispe
29、ctral matrix whose values include asignificant reflection component, due to reflection overspill.For instruments with irradiation and viewing bandpass func-tions which approximate the recommended trapezoidal ortriangular shape, this should be limited to within two to threebands of the diagonal.3.2.1
30、1 off-diagonal element, nany element of a bispectralmatrix for which irradiation and viewing wavelengths are notequal.3.2.12 reflection overspill, nthe contribution of reflectionto off-diagonal values of the discrete bispectral radiance factormatrix, due to the partial overlap of irradiation and vie
31、wingwavebands when nominal irradiation and viewing wavelengthsare not equal ().3.2.13 spectral effciency factor, b(), nthe ratio of thetotal (integrated spectral) radiance from a point on a specimenwhen irradiated at wavelength to the total radiance of theperfectly reflecting diffuser identically ir
32、radiated and viewed.b!L!/L!d(3)4. Summary of Practice4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-ating parameters of bispectrometers used to provide data forthe calculation of CIE tristimulus values and other colorimetricvalues to quantify the colors of objects. The important steps int
33、he calibration of such instruments, and the material standards3Available from National Physical Laboratory, Queens Road, Teddington,Middlesex, United Kingdom TW11 0LW, http:/www.npl.co.uk/.4Available from CIE (International Commission on Illumination) atwww.cie.co.at or .5Available from National Ins
34、titute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.E2153 01 (2017)2required for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given forthe selection of specimens to obtain the highest measurementprecision. Parameters are identified which
35、 must be specifiedwhen bispectral photometric measurements are required inspecific test methods or other documents.4.2 In this practice, the measuring instrument, abispectrometer, is equipped with two separate monochroma-tors. The first, the irradiation monochromator, irradiates thespecimen with mon
36、ochromatic light. The second, the viewingmonochromator, analyzes the radiation leaving the specimen.A two-dimensional array of bispectral photometric values isobtained by setting the irradiation monochromator at a series offixed wavelengths () in the excitation band of the specimen,and for each , us
37、ing the viewing monochromator to recordreadings for each wavelength () in the specimens emissionrange. The resulting array, once properly corrected, is known asthe Donaldson matrix (2), and the value of each element (,)of this array is the Donaldson radiance factor (D(,).4.3 While recognizing the CI
38、E recommendation (in CIE 15)of numerical integration at 1 nm intervals as the basicdefinition, this practice is limited in scope to measurements andcalculations using spectral intervals greater than or equal to 5nm.5. Significance and Use5.1 The bispectral or two-monochromator method is thedefinitiv
39、e method for the determination of the general(illuminant-independent) radiation-transfer properties of fluo-rescent specimens (2). The Donaldson radiance factor is aninstrument- and illuminant-independent photometric propertyof the specimen, and can be used to calculate its color for anydesired illu
40、minant and observer. The advantage of this methodis that it provides a comprehensive characterization of thespecimens radiation-transfer properties, without the inaccura-cies associated with source simulation and various methods ofapproximation.5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting th
41、eoperating parameters of bispectrometers used for providingdata of the desired precision. It also provides for instrumentcalibration by means of material standards, and for selection ofsuitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measure-ments.6. Requirements for Bispectral Photometry6.1 When d
42、escribing the measurement of specimens by thebispectral method, the following must be specified:6.1.1 The photometric quantity determined, such as Donald-son radiance factor or spectral efficiency factor.6.1.2 The geometry of irradiation and viewing, includingthe following:6.1.2.1 For bi-directional
43、 geometry, whether annular,circumferential, or uniplanar measurement conditions are to beused, and the number and angular distribution of any multiplebeams.6.1.2.2 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffusemeasurement conditions (specular component of reflectanceincluded or excluded) are t
44、o be used.6.1.3 The spectral parameters for both irradiation andviewing, including wavelength range, wavelength measure-ment interval, and spectral bandpass.6.1.4 Identification of the material standards used for instru-ment calibration.6.1.5 Special requirements determined by the nature of thespeci
45、men, such as measurement orientation for anisotropicspecimens.7. Apparatus7.1 BispectrometerThe basic instrumental requirement isa bispectrometer designed for measurement of Donaldsonradiance factor using one or more of the standard irradiationand viewing geometries described in Section 8.7.2 Irradi
46、atorThe irradiator, which consists of the radia-tion source, a dispersive element and related opticalcomponents, shall irradiate the specimen with monochromaticradiation of known wavelength bandpass and measurementinterval.7.2.1 The radiation source must be stable with time andhave adequate energy o
47、utput over the wavelength range usedfor specimen irradiation.7.2.2 The dispersive element, which provides energy innarrow wavelength bands across the UV and visible spectralrange, may be a prism, a grating, or one of various forms ofinterference filters or wedges. The element should conform tothe fo
48、llowing requirements:7.2.2.1 When highest measurement accuracy is required, thewavelength range should extend from 300-830 nm; otherwisethe range from 300 to 780 nm should suffice. For specimensconfirmed to be non-fluorescent or those exhibiting onlyvisible-activated fluorescence (negligible excitat
49、ion below 380nm), the wavelength range from 380 to 780 can be used. Eachuser must decide whether the loss of accuracy in the measure-ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data areobtained.7.2.2.2 The wavelength interval should be 5 or 10 nm. Useof wider wavelength intervals, such as 20 nm, may result inreduced accuracy. Each user must decide whether the loss ofaccuracy in the measurements is negligibly small for thepurpose for which data are obtained.7.2
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