1、Designation: E 2167 01Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Stone Consolidants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures for the selection and useof consolidants for preservation of stone.1.2 When considering the use of stone consolidants,
3、guid-ance from specialists experienced in stone conservation shouldbe sought. Where work on features of artistic, architectural,cultural or historical importance is being considered, guidancefrom specialists in these fields should be sought. Historicpreservation guidelines should be considered in pl
4、anning thework.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be
5、 applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM guide is not intended to representor replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of agiven professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.1.4 Limited description of tests
6、 are provided for informa-tional purposes only. See the referenced standard for completedescription.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user to consult appropriate safety andhealth practices and dete
7、rmine the applicability of regulatorylimitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate2C97 Test Method for Water Absorption and Bulk SpecificGravity of Natural Building Stone3C99 Test Method for
8、Modulus of Rupture of NaturalBuilding Stone3C 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of NaturalBuilding Stone3C 295 Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Con-crete2C 418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblasting2C 779 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of HorizontalConcr
9、ete Surfaces2C 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Natural Build-ing Stone3C 1352 Test Method for Flexural Modules of Elasticity ofDimension Stone3C 1353 Test Method Using the Tabor Abrasor for AbrasionResistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic3D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of
10、 Color Differencesfrom Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates4D 3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Com-pound (VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings4E96 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-rials5E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Refl
11、ection and Transmission Properties ofMaterials4E 284 Definitions of Terms Relating to Appearance ofMaterials4E 632 Recommended Practice for Developing Short-TermAccelerated Tests for Prediction of the Service Life ofBuilding Components and Materials6G26 Practice for Operating Light Exposure Apparatu
12、s (Xe-nonArc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure ofNon-Metallic Materials6G53 Practice for Operating Lightand WaterExposureApparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-sure of Non-Metallic Materials62.2 Other Documents:The Secretary of the Interiors Standards for the Treatmentof Histo
13、ric Properties with Guidelines for Preserving,Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing HistoricBuildings7UNESCO, 1978 International Charter for the Conservation1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
14、E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published January 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.6Annual
15、Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice Charter).1964, 19868AIC. 1979, Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. 1976,Revised 19949RILEM. Test N
16、o. 11.4, Water absorption under low pressure(pipe method), RILEM Commission 25-PEM, TentativeRecommendations, 1980103. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 consolidanta consolidant is a material applied tostone to re-establish the bond between particles that may havebe
17、en lost through weathering or other decay mechanisms. Theconsolidant treatment aims to reduce the rate of decay of stone.3.1.2 specialistarchitect, conservator, engineer or otherprofessional with experience in the selection and use of stoneconsolidants, hereinafter referred to as the stone conservat
18、ionspecialist.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information on methods that canassist the design and conservation professional in the selectionand use of consolidants for stone.4.2 Use of a consolidant should be considered only afterdeveloping a thorough understanding of all factors con
19、tributingto the deterioration of the stone. Such an understanding is bestreached through a comprehensive survey of existing condi-tions, environment, and a definition of stone performancerequirements, followed by laboratory analysis of the stone andits deterioration products. With this information i
20、t should bepossible to identify the decay mechanisms and to develop aconservation plan for the stone. However, careful preliminaryinvestigation may indicate that consolidation is an inappropri-ate treatment.4.3 Decay MechanismsA discussion of decay mecha-nisms is beyond the scope of this document; h
21、owever, anunderstanding of decay mechanisms is critical to the evaluationand selection of appropriate treatment methods for stoneincluding chemical consolidation. See Bibliography, for refer-ences.4.4 Stone consolidation should only be done as part of anoverall conservation plan. Consolidating stone
22、 without resolv-ing underlying problems contributing to its deterioration (suchas rising damp or improper drainage) can cause the consolida-tion treatment to fail completely or to accelerate the rate ofdeterioration of the stone. The condition of the stone should bedocumented before and after treatm
23、ent.4.5 Past experience has shown that application of someconsolidants may contribute to deterioration or create unantici-pated problems. In some cases, it may not be appropriate to usea stone consolidant at all. Consolidation should be consideredonly after unsuccessful attempts to remove or modify
24、degra-dation sources have been carried out.4.6 Consideration should be given to the fact that consoli-dation of porous stone is an irreversible process. Consolidantsthat allow future retreatment should be selected if possible. Forexample, treatment of stone, particularly porous stone, withhydrophobi
25、c materials may not allow future retreatment withwater-based consolidants.4.7 No consolidant should be used that prevents or signifi-cantly retards water vapor migration through the stone.5. Methodology5.1 This document is organized into sections covering eachstep of the consolidant selection proces
26、s.5.1.1 Identification of Stone Consolidants PerformanceGoals.5.1.2 Identification of Consolidant Selection Consider-ations.5.1.3 Analysis and comparison of the properties of treatedand untreated stone samples.5.1.4 Preparation and evaluation of in-situ test panels.5.1.5 Final evaluation of consolid
27、ant performance.6. Performance Goals for Stone Consolidants6.1 Prior to selection of a consolidant, it is necessary todefine the required physical properties (performance criteria)of the consolidated stone under the environmental conditions inwhich it will be exposed. The following is a list of prop
28、ertiesthat have been found to be important under a variety ofexposure conditions, however, not all properties are germane toeach specific application. It will be necessary for the stoneconservation specialist to select those properties that areapplicable and need to be considered for the specific ap
29、plica-tion at hand.6.1.1 Depth of PenetrationThe consolidant should pen-etrate at least through the weathered layers of stone and intosound stone. Experience indicates the greater the depth ofpenetration, the more likely is the success of the treatment.Bonding of the consolidated damaged layers to t
30、he sound,interior stone will minimize delamination or flaking of thetreated layer.6.1.2 Consolidating AbilityThe treatment should improvethe mechanical properties of the stone, such as compressive orflexural strength, abrasion resistance and erosion resistance.6.1.3 Water Vapor PermeabilityThe treat
31、ment should notappreciably affect the water vapor transmission rate of thestone.6.1.4 Resistance to Internal Expansive ForcesThe treat-ment should increase the resistance of the stone to deteriorationby salt crystallization or freeze/thaw effects.6.1.5 Thermal Expansion CharacteristicsThe treatedsto
32、ne should have a coefficient of thermal expansion notsignificantly different from that of the untreated stone.6.1.6 AppearanceIdeally, the consolidant should produceonly minor changes in the appearance of the stone, specifically,changes in texture, hue, value, chroma, lightness, gloss, orreflectivit
33、y.7U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Preservation AssistanceDivision, revised 1995, Washington, D.C8UNESCO, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France.9American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1717 KStreet, NW, Suite 301, Washington, D.C. 20006.1
34、0RILEM, Btiment Cournot, 61 avenue du President Wilson, F-94235 CachanCedex, France.E21670126.1.7 The treated stone should not be more susceptible toattracting and absorbing airborne particles, gases, and soil thanthe untreated stone.6.1.8 DurabilityThe consolidated stone should retain itsimproved p
35、roperties for an extended time period.6.1.9 Water ResistanceTreatment of the stone shouldimprove its resistance to water dissolution and water erosion.The treated weathered stone should be more resistant to erosionthan the untreated stone.6.1.10 BiodegradationThe consolidant should not pro-vide nutr
36、ients that support the growth of degradative types ofmicroflora, bacteria and higher plants.7. Consolidant Selection Considerations7.1 Objective of Consolidation Treatment:7.1.1 The objective of the consolidation treatment must bedefined. Typically, the purpose of consolidation treatment is toreesta
37、blish bonds between particles that have been lost orweakened through weathering, microcracking or other decaymechanisms. The treatment should increase the service life ofthe stone without causing adverse effects.7.2 Historic Preservation Guidelines:7.2.1 The treatment must be in accordance with appl
38、icablebuilding and safety codes and historic preservation guidelinesas accepted by the preservation community. See 2.2 forreferences.7.2.2 For structures that may possess artistic, architectural,cultural or historical significance, consideration should begiven to writing a Historic Structure Report
39、prior to finalizinga consolidation treatment.7.3 Stone CharacteristicsThe following characteristics ofthe stone should be evaluated: Type, chemical composition,mineralogical composition, structure and texture, pore struc-ture, pore size distribution and condition.7.4 Past Performance HistoryThe past
40、 performance ofthe consolidant(s) on the particular type of stone should beconsidered. The effectiveness of the treatment may be stronglyinfluenced by the method of application and conditions duringcure.7.5 Consolidant Application MethodIn selecting a consol-idant, the feasibility of the recommended
41、 application methodfor the particular stone or structure, the skill of the applicatorsand the size of the area to be consolidated, should beconsidered. Application methods include brush, misting, orspray; liquid flooding of surface; capillary rise impregnation;and pressurized infiltration.7.6 Enviro
42、nmental Protection ConsiderationsEffortsshould be made to use consolidants and solvents that do notrelease hazardous pollutants. Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC) content of the consolidant should have been determinedby the manufacturer in accordance with Practice D 3960.Application of consolidants mu
43、st comply with all currentapplicable environmental regulations. Such regulations aresubject to change; it is the responsibility of the user to be awareof any changes to applicable standards.8. Analysis of Untreated Stone8.1 Untreated deteriorated stone samples should be ana-lyzed to determine the de
44、gradation mode and causes ofdeterioration, and necessity for a consolidation treatment.8.1.1 No consolidant should be used that prevents or sig-nificantly retards vapor migration from the building interior tothe exterior since this could cause major disintegration of thestone.8.2 The applicable test
45、s should be selected and the resultsinterpreted by the stone conservation specialist. Testing shouldbe performed on representative samples of deteriorated andsound stone. ASTM test procedures may be modified by thestone conservation specialist as appropriate for historic mate-rials.8.2.1 Petrographi
46、c ExaminationThe mineralogical com-position, morphology, and geologic history, and their signifi-cance with respect to the stones service history can bedetermined by petrographic and x-ray diffraction examinations.The examination should be conducted and interpreted by ascientist specializing in thes
47、e areas in coordination with thestone conservation specialist. Refer to C 295 modified for useon stone.8.2.2 Water AbsorptionIn accordance with Test MethodC97. These methods cover the tests for determining the waterabsorption and bulk specific gravity of all types of naturalbuilding stone, except sl
48、ate. Test Method C97 is a simplegravimetric determination of the mass increase of a stonesample following immersion in water for a twenty-four hourperiod. The method is widely accepted and can be used todetermine the change in water absorption of stone afterconsolidation and, as a function of time,
49、after acceleratedaging. Treatment of stone with an hydrophobic consolidant willreduce the water absorption appreciably and the rate of loss ofhydrophobicity can be followed as a function of aging bymeans of this procedure. Precision of this method has not beendetermined.8.2.3 Karsten Tube Capillary Absorption TestSee 2.2. TheKarsten tube is a pipe-like apparatus that has a flat, circularbrim at right angles to the bottom of a graduated tube. The brimis attached to the vertical masonry surface with an adhesiveputty. After the tube is attached to the wall, water is
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