1、Designation: E2204 11aStandard Guide forSummarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-RelatedProjects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONQuantitative descriptions of economic impacts are a basic requirement in many organizations forevaluating budget requests and the
3、 value of a project to the organization. Several measures ofeconomic performance are available for evaluating building-related investments. These measuresinclude, but are not limited to, life-cycle cost, the benefit-to-cost ratio, adjusted internal rate of return,and net benefits. This guide provide
4、s a generic format for presenting these economic measures ofbuilding-related investments.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a generic format for summarizing theeconomic impacts of building-related projects.1.2 The guide provides technical persons, analysts, andresearchers a tool for communicating project
5、 impacts in acondensed format to management and non-technical persons.1.3 The generic format described in this guide calls for adescription of the significance of the project, the analysisstrategy, a listing of data and assumptions, and a presentationof the key economic measures of project impact.1.
6、4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil-ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Doc
7、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE1057
8、Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Return andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Savingsfor Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuildi
9、ngs and Building SystemsE1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building Systems and Other ConstructedProjectsE1765 Practice for Applying Analy
10、tical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Buildings and Building SystemsE2506 Guide for Developing a Cost-Effective Risk Mitiga-tion Plan for New and Existing Constructed Facilities2.2 Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to Practices E917, E964,E1
11、057, E1074, and E112132.3 ASTM Software Product:MNL 29 Software to SupportASTM E1765: Standard Prac-tice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) toMultiattribute Decision Analysis of Investments Relatedto Buildings and Building Systems21This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
12、E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2204 11. DOI:10.1520/E2204-11A.2For referenced ASTM standa
13、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703.1Copyright
14、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminologies E631 and E833.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide presents a standard format for presenting theeconomi
15、c impacts of building-related projects. It includes theentire range of private and public construction projects, as wellas research related to those projects.4.2 The generic format provided in this guide helps decisionmakers and managers understand the background and objec-tives of a project, the da
16、ta from which impacts were calculated,how impact was measured, and the significance of the projectsmeasures of worth.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide reduces the time and effort to communicatethe findings of project impact studies and improves the qualityof communication between those who measu
17、re economicimpacts and those who evaluate and interpret them.5.2 Following the guide assures the user that relevanteconomic information on the project is included in a summaryformat that is understandable to both the preparer and user.5.3 Since the standard guide provides a consistent approachto rep
18、orting the economic impacts of projects, it facilitates thecomparison of economic studies across projects and over time.5.4 The guide focuses on projects in construction andbuilding-related research. It applies to government as well asprivate projects. And while the examples treat building-relatedpr
19、ojects, the guide is applicable to non-building-related proj-ects as well.5.5 Building-sector users of this guide include buildingowners and managers, private-sector construction companies,research groups in building and construction industry tradeassociations, parties to public-sector construction
20、projects, andgovernment laboratories conducting building-related research.5.6 Use the guide to summarize the results of economicimpact studies that use Practices E917 (Life-Cycle Costs),E964 (Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios),E1057 (Internal Rate of Return and Adjusted Internal Rate
21、ofReturn), E1074 (Net Benefits and Net Savings), E1121 (Pay-back), E1699 (Value Analysis), and E1765 (Analytical Hierar-chy Process for Multiattribute Decision Analysis).5.7 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E1369 tosummarize the results of economic impact studies involvingnatural or man-made
22、 hazards, or both, that occur infrequentlybut have significant consequences.5.8 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of projects thataffect exclusively initial costs, benefits, or savings, as well asprojects that affect life-cycle costs, benefits, or savings.NOTE 1Examples of projects dealing excl
23、usively with initial costs,benefits, or savings include design modifications or innovative construc-tion practices that reduce labor or material costs, reduce constructionduration, or increase construction productivity, but leave future costs,benefits, or savings unchanged.5.9 Use the guide to summa
24、rize the impacts of projects thataffect parties that are internal to the organization preparing thesummary as well as projects that affect not only the organiza-tion preparing the summary but also groups external to theorganization.NOTE 2Projects whose impacts are internal only correspond tosituatio
25、ns where the organization preparing the summary bears all of thecosts and receives all of the benefits or savings, or both, from the project.Examples include, but are not limited to, the use of innovative construc-tion practices or alternative building materials, components, or systemsthat reduce in
26、itial costs or future costs, or both, to the building owner.NOTE 3Projects with a public-sector component frequently haveimpacts that reach beyond the organization preparing the summary.Examples include, but are not limited to, building-related researchconducted by government laboratories, projects
27、aimed at mitigating theconsequences of natural or man-made hazards, or both, that have thepotential to cause collateral damage, and highway and bridge construc-tions that affect traffic patterns.5.10 There is no limitation to the use of the guide infacilitating communication between project analysts
28、 and proj-ect managers and other decision makers. Substantial benefitsfrom using the guide, however, are likely to come from itsapplication in a large institution, such as a federal agency,where many projects are competing for funding, and a system-atic presentation of results that can be compared a
29、cross projectsand agencies is needed to allocate efficiently scarce funds.6. How to Use This Guide6.1 The generic format for summarizing project impacts isoutlined in Fig. 1.6.1.1 To promote a better understanding of the informationcalled for in Fig. 1, the numbered headings in the table arecross-re
30、ferenced to the subsections of 6.2. Specifically, theinformation called for under Headings 1.a and 1.b is covered in6.2.1, the information called for under Heading 2 is covered in6.2.2, and the information called for under Headings 3.a, 3.b,and 3.c is covered in 6.2.3.6.2 Presentation and Analysis o
31、f the Results of an EconomicImpact AssessmentThe presentation and analysis of theresults of an economic impact assessment are central tounderstanding and accepting its findings. If the presentation isclear and concise, and if the analysis strategy is logical,complete, and carefully spelled out, then
32、 the results will standup under close scrutiny. This section describes a generic formatand procedure for summarizing the results of an economicimpact assessment that meets the two previously cited condi-tions. The generic format is built upon the following threefactors: (1) why the project is import
33、ant; (2) how the analysisstrategy was employed; and (3) how the key measures arecalculated, summarized, and traced to relevant standards,codes, and regulations. These factors, taken together, constitutea three-step procedure for summarizing the results of aneconomic impact assessment. Six case studi
34、es are used toillustrate what a completed impact assessment using thegeneric format would look like. The six case studies werechosen so that there is at least one case study for eachcombination of affected parties (see 5.9) and affected costs,benefits, or savings (see 5.8), and at least one involvin
35、g naturalor man-made hazards, or both. The six case studies arepresented in Appendix X1-Appendix X6. Appendix X1 isbased on a private-sector commercial building applicationE2204 11a2FIG. 1 Format for Summarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-Related ProjectsE2204 11a3where all impacts are interna
36、l and only initial costs arerelevant. Appendix X2 is based on a highway project whereboth internal and external impacts are important and onlyinitial costs are relevant. Appendix X3 is based on an energyconservation project where all impacts are internal and bothinitial and future costs and future s
37、avings are included.Appendix X4 is based on a public-sector research applicationwhere both internal and external impacts are important andpast, present, and future costs, benefits, and savings areincluded.4Appendix X5 is based on a case study on theapplication of life-cycle cost analysis to homeland
38、 securityissues in constructed facilities, where both internal and externalimpacts are important and both initial and future costs andfuture savings are included.5Appendix X6 is based on acase-study example that was designed to illustrate the three-step protocol (Guide E2506), and summarizes a publi
39、c evalu-ation of alternative approaches to minimizing the damage fromintentionally-set fires in at-risk communities in Michigan,where both internal and external impacts are important, andboth present and future costs, benefits, and savings are in-cluded.6While the case-study is based on a real-world
40、 exampleand uses actual data, its description, assumptions, and findingsare meant to highlight elements of the three-step protocolrather than to justify certain actions or policies in Michigan.Appendix X6 is designed to demonstrate a summarization ofthe economic analysis resulting from the use of th
41、e three-stepprotocol.6.2.1 Why the Project Is Important:6.2.1.1 Headings 1.a and 1.b in Fig. 1 set the stage forsummarizing the results that follow. The information called forunder these headings provides the opportunity to discuss theobjective of the project and why doing this project wasnoteworthy
42、.6.2.1.2 Heading 1.a in Fig. 1 calls for a short but concisesummary of the project. Make the summary sufficiently de-tailed to enable senior management and non-technical readersto understand the significance of the project. The goal of theinformation presented under Heading 1.a is to clearly describ
43、e:(1) why the project is important and how the organizationcarrying out the project or conducting the research becameinvolved; and (2) why some or all of the changes brought aboutwere due to the organizations contribution.6.2.1.3 The objective of Heading 1.b is to highlight two orthree points which
44、convey why this project is important. Thesepoints are intended for use as talking points by senior manage-ment when they make presentations to non-technical audiencesor for use in press releases.6.2.2 How the Analysis Strategy Was Employed:6.2.2.1 Heading 2 of Fig. 1, analysis strategy, has twocompo
45、nents. The first component focuses on documenting thesteps taken to ensure that the analysis strategy is logical andcomplete. The second component places particular emphasison summarizing the key data elements and associated assump-tions needed to calculate the values reported under Headings3.a and
46、3.b of Fig. 1.6.2.2.2 Special emphasis is placed on documenting thesources and validity of any data used to make estimates orprojections of key benefit and cost measures. Include anyconstraints that limited the scope of the study. The informationcalled for under Heading 2 of Fig. 1 establishes an au
47、dit trailfrom the raw data, through data manipulations (for example,represented by equations and formulae), to the results. Theaudit trail consists of seven items that describe how todetermine:(1) The present value of total benefits (savings) bothinternal and external stemming from all contributors
48、to theproject under study, any benefits (savings) to users of products(materials, equipment, software, or procedures) stemming fromthe project under study, and any third parties affected positivelyby either the project or the use of products stemming from theproject (see Practice E917 for instructio
49、ns on how to computepresent values);(2) The present value of total costs for all contributors tothe project under study, any costs to users of products stem-ming from the project under study, and any third partiesaffected negatively by either the project or the use of productsstemming from the project;(3) The present value of net benefits (savings) both internaland external stemming from all contributors to the projectunder study, any users of products stemming from the projectunder study, and any third parties affected by either the projector the use of products stemming f
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