1、Designation: E 2223 02Standard Practice forExamination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel PressureVessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a contact angle-beam shear waveultrasonic technique to detect and locate
3、the circumferentialposition of longitudinally oriented discontinuities and to com-pare the amplitude of the indication from such discontinuitiesto that of a specified reference notch. This practice does notaddress examination of the vessel ends. The basic principles ofcontact angle-beam examination
4、can be found in PracticeE 587. Application to pipe and tubing, including the use ofnotches for standardization, is described in Practice E 213.1.2 This practice is appropriate for the ultrasonic examina-tion of cylindrical sections of gas-filled, seamless, steel pres-sure vessels such as those used
5、for the storage and transporta-tion of pressurized gasses. It is applicable to both isolatedvessels and those in assemblies.1.3 The practice is intended to be used following anAcoustic Emission (AE) examination of stacked seamlessgaseous pressure vessels (with limited surface scanning area)described
6、 in Test Method E 1419.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria.These are determined by the reference notch dimensions,which must be specified by the using parties.NOTE 1Background information relating to the technical require-ments of this practice can be found in the references sit
7、ed in Test MethodE 1419, Appendix X1.1.5 Dimensional values stated in in-pound units are re-garded as standard; SI equivalents, in parentheses may beapproximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
8、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipeand Tubing2E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondest
9、ructiveTesting2E 587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination bythe Contact Method2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2E 1419 Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission22.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Perso
10、nnel Qualifi-cation and Certification3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 AIA Document:NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualificationand Certification43. Terminology3.1 Terminology relating to this practice for angle-beamshea
11、r wave ultrasonic examination is defined in TerminologyE 1316.4. Summary of Methodology4.1 An ultrasonic pulse-echo contact angle-beam, shearwave technique with the beam directed circumferentially isused to locate surface breaking discontinuities in the cylindri-cal wall of a pressure vessel. The am
12、plitude of the reflectedsignal from the discontinuity is compared to that of a knownreference notch. Scanning is performed in both clockwise andcounter clockwise directions to detect and confirm the positionof the discontinuity identified in the AE examination report.1This practice is under the juri
13、sdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.3Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Te
14、sting, 1711 Arlin-gate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 EyeSt., NW, Washington, DC 200051Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significa
15、nce and Use5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide a procedure forlocating, detecting and estimating the relevance of longitudi-nally oriented crack-like discontinuities which have beenpreviously indicated by AE examination.5.2 This practice may be used for a pressure vessel that issituated i
16、n such a way as to limit access to the vessels wall.Typical examples include tube trailers and gas tube railroadcars. Since the pressure vessels are stacked horizontally in aframe, with limited space between them, the circumferentiallocation of a discontinuity may be a distance away from thesearch u
17、nit (several skip distances).5.3 This practice has been shown to be effective for cylin-ders between 9 in. (229 mm) and 24 in. (610 mm) in diameterand wall thicknesses between14 in. (6.4 mm) to 1 in. (26 mm)with discontinuities that are oriented longitudinally in pressurevessel sidewall.5.4 To be re
18、liably detected by the procedure in this practice,a significant part of the reflecting surface must be transverse tothe beam direction.5.5 Evaluation of possible discontinuity in the end facesindicated by AE is not covered by this practice.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel Qualification6.1.1 If s
19、pecified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified bythe employer or c
20、ertifying agency, as applicable. The standardused and its applicable revision shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.6.1.2 Additional Personnel Training6.1.2.1 Personnel performing this type of examination shallhave additional training in the fo
21、llowing topics.6.1.3 Construction and manufacturing techniques for seam-less steel pressure vessels.6.1.4 Familiarity with the types of discontinuities that mayoccur in this type of pressure vessels.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agen
22、-cies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in theapplicable Sections 5 through 9 of Practice E 543. The appli-cable edition shall be specified by the regulatory authority, orstated in the contractual agreement, or both.6.3 Extent of Examination6.3.1 The extent of the examination shall be in
23、 accordancewith the procedures in Sections 9 and 10 unless otherwisespecified.6.3.2 The reference notch dimensions shall be specified bythe regulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement,or both.6.4 Reporting Criteria6.4.1 Reporting criteria for the examination results shall bein accor
24、dance with Section 11 unless otherwise specified. Sinceacceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they shallbe defined in accordance with Section 8 and by the regulatoryauthority or stated in the contractual agreement.6.5 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items6.5.1 Reexamination of re
25、paired/reworked items is not ad-dressed in this standard and if required shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.7. Apparatus7.1 Ultrasonic pulse-echo instrumentation shall have a mini-mum capacity of examining at center frequencies from 214 to5
26、MHz. The instrument, search units and related equipmentshall be cable of displaying the peak amplitude of the indica-tion from the reference notch in the standardization ring, asdescribed in Section 8, and locating its circumferential positionover the full sweep range required for coverage of the ve
27、ssel tobe examined.7.1.1 Each search unit used for this technique shall have theappropriate frequency and refracted angle for the material andgeometry of the pressure vessel that is being examined. Thefrequency and angle of the search unit is selected duringstandardization and is related to diameter
28、, wall thickness andthe type of steel used for the vessel and correspondingstandardization rings.7.1.1.1 The angle and frequency of the search unit to beused shall be determined by using different search units on areference ring that represents the examination piece. A searchunit which can satisfact
29、orily detect and display the indicationfrom the notch in the reference ring at the maximum distanceto be used during the examination shall be selected for settingup the Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) curve for exami-nation in accordance with 9.3.7.1.1.2 Select search units for evaluation from t
30、hose havingfrequencies 214 and 5 MHz with refracted angles of 45 to 75in steel, and in available commercial sizes. Those producingthe required sensitivity and DAC response on the appropriatereference ring are acceptable. These search units have gener-ally been found satisfactory for the examination
31、of the type ofvessels specified in 5.3.7.1.1.3 The search unit shall be comprised of a transducermounted on a plastic wedge that is designed to have continuousacoustic coupling between search unit and the pressure vesselwall.NOTE 2This is usually accomplished with a wedge that is radiused tomatch th
32、e cylinder diameter.7.2 Couplant for this practice shall be a liquid that is usedbetween the ultrasonic search unit and examination piece toremove the air and transmit ultrasonic waves. Water is apreferred couplant. Other couplant such as oil or glycerin maybe used. Couplant shall be the same for bo
33、th standardizationand actual examination. Care shall be taken to ensure that thecouplant does not freeze when the examination is conducted atlow temperatures.8. Standardizing Ring with Reference Notches8.1 The reference ring shall be fabricated from the sametype of pressure vessel that is being exam
34、ined. That is,E2223022reference ring must have the same diameter, wall thickness,material, heat treatment, and surface condition as the vessel tobe examined.8.1.1 Reference notches will be placed into both internaland external surfaces of the reference ring, see Fig. 1. Thepreferred notch fabricatio
35、n method is by the EDM process.8.1.2 The inner surface and outer surface notches may beplaced into a single reference ring. However, where practical,separate rings may be used, see Fig. 1.8.1.3 Notch dimensions must be specified by the usingparties for each type and size of vessel.9. Standardization
36、 Procedure9.1 The instrument sweep shall be adjusted to encompassthe sound path to be used during the examination.9.2 Place couplant and search unit on the outside surface ofthe standardization ring and adjust the gain (sensitivity) andlocation of the search unit until the indication from the intern
37、alFIG. 1 Example of Standardizing Ring with Reference NotchesE2223023notch is identified. Temperature of the reference ring duringstandardization should be the same as the temperature of thepressure vessel that is being examined.9.3 The search unit is located at a close distance (half-skipdistance)
38、from the designated internal notch on the surface ofthe reference ring. Increase the gain until the signal is maxi-mized at 80% of the full screen height as shown in Fig. 2.9.3.1 Without adjusting the gain, obtain three additionalindications from the notch with the search unit located at 90-,120- an
39、d 180-degree positions around the rings circumferenceby moving the search unit on the ring, away from each notch.It may be necessary to increase the horizontal display rangecontrol on the instrument. The minimum signal height shouldnot be below 10 % full screen height.9.3.2 The position and maximum
40、peak of each indication at90-, 120- and 180-degree positions is marked on the displayscreen. A DAC curve is constructed by connecting the signalpeaks. Fig. 2 illustrates a typical DAC curve display for twointernal notches with different depths.9.3.3 Since the skip distances vary with vessel geometry
41、, aseparate DAC shall be produced for each type of pressurevessel. The last point of the DAC curve shall be at a knowndistance on the reference ring (not be less than12 thecircumference of the ring).9.3.4 The same procedure shall be used to generate DACcurves for internal and external notches.9.3.5
42、Some ultrasonic instrumentation may have the capa-bility to provide electronic compensation such as time-variedgain (TVG/STC), digitized storage and display of DistanceAmplitude (D-A) response curve or Distance Amplitude Gatefunctions (DAG). Application of these functions may requiremodification of
43、the prescribed procedures. Refer to the Manu-facturers operational instructions.10. Examination Procedure10.1 Since this procedure usually follows acoustic emission(AE) testing, the ultrasonic examination is applied to thoselocations on the pressure vessel that produced locatable AEevents. Prior to
44、ultrasonic examination, the position of thesource of each AE indication shall be clearly marked on thevessel. If space is available, the recommended scanning area is12 in. (30 cm) each side of the position of the AE indication.Ultrasonic examination shall be performed at service pressure.NOTE 3At se
45、rvice pressure, it is probable that the wall of the pressurevessel is strained and discontinuity surfaces are separated. In thiscondition, the amplitude of the reflected ultrasonic signal is at itsmaximum, making the indication easier to detect.10.1.1 Prior to scanning, the gain shall be increased b
46、y 6 dBover reference to increase examination sensitivity. Prior toevaluating and reporting the indication, gain must be returnedto the same value used during standardization.10.1.2 Circumferential scanning shall be performed in bothclockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) directions toensure adequ
47、ate coverage of the marked location.10.1.3 For difficult to reach locations on pressure vesselswhich are stacked in the middle row, the search unit may beFIG. 2 Distance Amplitude Correction Curves (DAC) of a Typical DOT 3AAX Tube with Internal Surface Notches, Similar Procedure WillBe for External
48、Surface NotchesE2223024mounted at the end of an extension rod. If an extension rod isused for examination, standardization shall be under the samecondition.10.1.4 Any detected discontinuity showing an amplitudethat exceeds the DAC curve should be considered a potentialfor rejection. After the discon
49、tinuity has been located, it shallbe evaluated by scanning in at least two directions. The signalamplitude as well as the circumferential and longitudinalposition of the discontinuity shall be recorded. The pressurevessel containing the rejectable discontinuity may requireremoval from the stack to allow access to the discontinuitylocation.10.1.5 In the event of discontinuity location, the lateralsearch unit motion between the -6 dB amplitude positions shallbe recorded as the length of discontinuity.10.2 When a removal of a pressure vessel from service isindicated, another app
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