1、Designation: E 2223 07Standard Practice forExamination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel PressureVessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a contact angle-beam shear waveultrasonic technique to detect and locate
3、the circumferentialposition of longitudinally oriented discontinuities and to com-pare the amplitude of the indication from such discontinuitiesto that of a specified reference notch. This practice does notaddress examination of the vessel ends. The basic principles ofcontact angle-beam examination
4、can be found in PracticeE 587. Application to pipe and tubing, including the use ofnotches for standardization, is described in Practice E 213.1.2 This practice is appropriate for the ultrasonic examina-tion of cylindrical sections of gas-filled, seamless, steel pres-sure vessels such as those used
5、for the storage and transporta-tion of pressurized gasses. It is applicable to both isolatedvessels and those in assemblies.1.3 The practice is intended to be used following anAcoustic Emission (AE) examination of stacked seamlessgaseous pressure vessels (with limited surface scanning area)described
6、 in Test Method E 1419.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria.These are determined by the reference notch dimensions,which must be specified by the using parties.NOTE 1Background information relating to the technical require-ments of this practice can be found in the references sit
7、ed in Test MethodE 1419, Appendix X1.1.5 Dimensional values stated in in-pound units are re-garded as standard; SI equivalents, in parentheses may beapproximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
8、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipeand TubingE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing No
9、ndestruc-tive TestingE 587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination bythe Contact MethodE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1419 Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic EmissionE 2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonic
10、s2.2 ASNT Documents:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Personnel Qualifi-cation and CertificationANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 AIA Document:NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualificationand Certification43. Terminology3
11、.1 Terminology relating to this practice for angle-beamshear wave ultrasonic examination is defined in TerminologyE 1316.4. Summary of Methodology4.1 An ultrasonic pulse-echo contact angle-beam, shearwave technique with the beam directed circumferentially isused to locate surface breaking discontinu
12、ities in the cylindri-cal wall of a pressure vessel. The amplitude of the reflectedsignal from the discontinuity is compared to that of a known1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrason
13、ic Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 2002 . Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2223 - 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
14、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-gate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 EyeSt.,
15、 NW, Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.reference notch. Scanning is performed in both clockwise andcounter clockwise directions to detect and confirm the positionof the discontinuity identified in t
16、he AE examination report.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide a procedure forlocating, detecting and estimating the relevance of longitudi-nally oriented crack-like discontinuities which have beenpreviously indicated by AE examination.5.2 This practice may be used fo
17、r a pressure vessel that issituated in such a way as to limit access to the vessels wall.Typical examples include tube trailers and gas tube railroadcars. Since the pressure vessels are stacked horizontally in aframe, with limited space between them, the circumferentiallocation of a discontinuity ma
18、y be a distance away from thesearch unit (several skip distances).5.3 This practice has been shown to be effective for cylin-ders between 9 in. (229 mm) and 24 in. (610 mm) in diameterand wall thicknesses between14 in. (6.4 mm) to 1 in. (26 mm)with discontinuities that are oriented longitudinally in
19、 pressurevessel sidewall.5.4 To reliably detect discontinuities by the procedure inthis practice, a significant part of the reflecting surface must betransverse to the beam direction.5.5 Evaluation of possible discontinuity in the end facesindicated by AE is not covered by this practice.6. Basis of
20、Application6.1 Personnel Qualification6.1.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a si
21、milar document and certified bythe employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The standardused and its applicable revision shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.6.1.2 Additional Personnel Training6.1.2.1 Personnel performing this type of exa
22、mination shallhave additional training in the following topics.6.1.3 Construction and manufacturing techniques for seam-less steel pressure vessels.6.1.4 Familiarity with the types of discontinuities that mayoccur in this type of pressure vessels.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies6.2.1 If
23、specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agen-cies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in theapplicable Sections 5 through 9 of Practice E 543. The appli-cable edition shall be specified by the regulatory authority, orstated in the contractual agreement, or both.6.3 Extent of Examinatio
24、n6.3.1 The extent of the examination shall be in accordancewith the procedures in Sections 9 and 10 unless otherwisespecified.6.3.2 The reference notch dimensions shall be specified bythe regulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement,or both.6.4 Reporting Criteria6.4.1 Reporting crite
25、ria for the examination results shall bein accordance with Section 11 unless otherwise specified. Sinceacceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they shallbe defined in accordance with Section 8 and by the regulatoryauthority or stated in the contractual agreement.6.5 Reexamination of
26、Repaired/Reworked Items6.5.1 Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not ad-dressed in this standard and if required shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.7. Apparatus7.1 Ultrasonic pulse-echo instrumentation shall have a mini-mum capacity
27、of examining at center frequencies from 214 to5 MHz. The instrument, search units and related equipmentshall be cable of displaying the peak amplitude of the indica-tion from the reference notch in the standardization ring, asdescribed in Section 8, and locating its circumferential positionover the
28、full sweep range required for coverage of the vessel tobe examined.7.1.1 Each search unit used for this technique shall have theappropriate frequency and refracted angle for the material andgeometry of the pressure vessel that is being examined. Thefrequency and angle of the search unit is selected
29、duringstandardization and is related to diameter, wall thickness andthe type of steel used for the vessel and correspondingstandardization rings.7.1.1.1 The angle and frequency of the search unit to beused shall be determined by using different search units on astandardization ring that represents t
30、he examination piece. Asearch unit which can satisfactorily detect and display theindication from the notch in the standardization ring at themaximum distance to be used during the examination shall beselected for setting up the Distance Amplitude Correction(DAC) curve for examination in accordance
31、with 9.3.7.1.1.2 Select search units for evaluation from those havingfrequencies 214 and 5 MHz with refracted angles of 45 to 75in steel, and in available commercial sizes. Those producingthe required sensitivity and DAC response on the appropriatestandardization ring are acceptable. These search un
32、its havegenerally been found satisfactory for the examination of thetype of vessels specified in 5.3.7.1.1.3 The search unit shall be comprised of a transducermounted on a plastic wedge that is designed to have continuousacoustic coupling between search unit and the pressure vesselwall.NOTE 2This is
33、 usually accomplished with a wedge that is radiused tomatch the cylinder diameter.7.2 Couplant for this practice shall be a liquid that is usedbetween the ultrasonic search unit and examination piece toremove the air and transmit ultrasonic waves. Water is apreferred couplant. Other couplant such as
34、 oil or glycerin maybe used. Couplant shall be the same for both standardizationand actual examination. Care shall be taken to ensure that thecouplant does not freeze when the examination is conducted atlow temperatures.E22230728. Standardizing Ring with Reference Notches8.1 The standardization ring
35、 shall be fabricated from thesame type of pressure vessel that is being examined. That is,standardization ring must have the same diameter, similar wallthickness, material, heat treatment, and surface condition as thevessel to be examined.NOTE 3Since seamless pressure vessels tend to have a variatio
36、n inwall thickness within a given cross section at any axial length of thecylinder and along the length of a given cylinder, due consideration mustbe given when selecting the standardization ring.8.1.1 Reference notches will be placed into both internaland external surfaces of the standardization ri
37、ng, see Fig. 1.The preferred notch fabrication method is by the EDM process.8.1.2 The inner surface and outer surface notches may beplaced into a single standardization ring. However, wherepractical, separate rings may be used, see Fig. 1.8.1.3 Notch dimensions must be specified by the usingparties
38、for each type and size of vessel.FIG. 1 Example of Standardizing Ring with Reference NotchesE22230739. Standardization Procedure9.1 The instrument sweep shall be adjusted to encompassthe sound path to be used during the examination.9.2 Place couplant and search unit on the outside surface ofthe stan
39、dardization ring and adjust the gain (sensitivity) andlocation of the search unit until the indication from the internalnotch is identified. Temperature of the standardization ringduring standardization should be the same as the temperatureof the pressure vessel that is being examined.9.3 The search
40、 unit is located at a close distance (half-skipdistance) from the designated internal notch on the surface ofthe standardization ring. Increase the gain until the signal ismaximized at 80% of the full screen height as shown in Fig. 2.9.3.1 Without adjusting the gain, obtain additional indica-tions (
41、3 or more) from the notch with the search unit increasingbeam path distances by moving the search unit on the ring,away from each notch.9.3.2 The position and maximum peak of each indicationdetermined from 9.3.1 is marked on the display screen. A DACcurve is constructed by connecting the signal peak
42、s. Fig. 2illustrates a typical DAC curve display for two internal notcheswith different depths.9.3.3 Since the skip distances vary with vessel geometry, aseparate DAC curve shall be produced for each type ofpressure vessel. The last point of the DAC curve shall be at aknown distance on the standardi
43、zation ring. The maximumscanning distance shall not exceed the distance correspondingto the last point on DAC curve.9.3.4 The same procedure shall be used to generate DACcurves for internal and external notches.9.3.5 Some ultrasonic instrumentation may have the capa-bility to provide electronic comp
44、ensation such as time-variedgain (TVG/STC), digitized storage and display of DistanceAmplitude (D-A) response curve or Distance Amplitude Gatefunctions (DAG). Application of these functions may requiremodification of the prescribed procedures. Refer to the Manu-facturers operational instructions.10.
45、 Examination Procedure10.1 Since this procedure usually follows acoustic emission(AE) testing, the ultrasonic examination is applied to thoselocations on the pressure vessel that produced locatable AEevents. Prior to ultrasonic examination, the position of thesource of each AE indication shall be cl
46、early marked on thevessel. If space is available, the recommended scanning area is12 in. (30 cm) each side of the position of the AE indication.Ultrasonic examination shall be performed at service pressure.NOTE 4At service pressure, it is probable that the wall of the pressurevessel is strained and
47、discontinuity surfaces are separated. In thiscondition, the amplitude of the reflected ultrasonic signal is at itsmaximum, making the indication easier to detect.FIG. 2 Distance Amplitude Correction Curves (DAC) of a Typical DOT 3AAX Tube with Internal Surface Notches, Similar Procedure WillBe for E
48、xternal Surface NotchesE222307410.1.1 Prior to scanning, the gain shall be increased by 6 dBover reference to increase examination sensitivity. Prior toevaluating and reporting the indication, gain must be returnedto the same value used during standardization.10.1.2 Circumferential scanning shall be
49、 performed in bothclockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) directions toensure adequate coverage of the marked location.10.1.3 For difficult to reach locations on pressure vesselswhich are stacked in the middle row, the search unit may bemounted at the end of an extension rod. If an extension rod isused for examination, standardization shall be under the samecondition.10.1.4 Any detected discontinuity showing an amplitudethat exceeds the 50 % of DAC curve shall be recorded andconsidered a potential for rejection and evaluated within thefirst “v” path using methods suggeste
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