ASTM E2225-2010 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage《织物和绳索法医检定的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: E2225 10Standard Guide forForensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa

2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The intent of this guide is to assist individuals andlaboratories conducting examinations of fabrics and cordage. Itis not designed as a detailed m

3、ethods description or protocolfor the analysis and comparison of fabric and cordage evi-dence, but as a guide to an acceptable procedure to strengthenthe usefulness of the analytical method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are inc

4、luded in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and RelatedDocumentationE1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, andRetrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science LaboratoryE2228 Guide for Microsco

5、pical Examination of TextileFibers2.2 AATCC Standards:3AATCC Test Method 20:Qualitative Test Method 202007Fiber Analysis: Qualitative3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology D123.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cordagetwin

6、e, ropes, and cords, collectively.3.2.2 corefibers or other textile materials running length-wise through the center of a cordage.3.2.3 coursein knitted fabrics, a row of successive loopsin the width direction of the fabric.3.2.4 crownthe raised portion of a strand in a twistedcordage.3.2.5 fabrica

7、planar textile structure produced by inter-lacing yarns, fibers, or filaments.3.2.6 fiberin textiles, a generic term for any one of thevarious types of matter that form the basic elements of a textileand that is characterized by having a length at least 100 timesits diameter.3.2.7 filamentin textile

8、s, a continuous fiber of extremelylong length.3.2.8 knitted fabrica structure produced by interloopingone or more ends of yarn or comparable material.3.2.9 nonwoven fabrica textile structure produced bybonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished bymechanical, chemical, thermal, or solve

9、nt means, or combina-tions thereof.3.2.10 pitchthe number of crowns per inch of the samestrand.3.2.11 plythe number of single yarns twisted together toform a plied cord; an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord.3.2.12 selvagethe narrow edge of woven fabric that runsparallel to the warp; it is made

10、 with stronger yarns in a tighterconstruction than the body of the fabric to prevent raveling.3.2.13 staple fibernatural fibers or cut lengths from fila-ments.3.2.14 strandfilaments or yarns twisted together or laidparallel to form a unit for further twisting or plaiting intocordage.3.2.15 tracera m

11、arker (such as color-coded yarns orlabels) integrated into the manufacture of a cord that assists inidentifying the manufacturer.3.2.16 twist direction (lay)the direction of twist in yarnsis indicated by the capital letters S and Z; yarn with an S-twistis seen when a yarn is held vertically and the

12、plies spiral aroundits central axis slope in the same direction as the middle portionof the letter S, and Z-twist is seen when the plies slope in thesame direction as the middle portion of the letter Z.3.2.17 walein knitted fabrics, a column of successiveloops in the length direction of the fabric;

13、in woven fabrics, oneof a series of raised portions or ribs lying warpwise in thefabric.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October

14、 2010. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2225 02. DOI:10.1520/E2225-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan

15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Uni

16、ted States.3.2.18 warpthe set of yarn in all woven fabrics that runslengthwise and parallel to the selvage and is interwoven withthe filling.3.2.19 weft (filling)in a woven fabric, the yarn runningfrom selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp.3.2.20 woven fabricgenerally used to refer to fabri

17、ccomposed of two sets of yarns, warp and weft (filling), that isformed by weaving, which is the interlacing of these sets ofyarns.3.2.21 yarna generic term for a continuous strand oftextile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable forknitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a te

18、xtilefabric.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Due to the general availability of fabric and cordage,they are often encountered by the forensic scientist. This guideassists the forensic scientist in determining and documentingthe structural details of fabric and cordage such as design,construction and compositi

19、on. These structural details canoften provide information of significant forensic value.5. Significance and Use5.1 The construction, composition, and color of textiles asevidence in crimes are useful comparison characteristics forforensic examinations. Textiles appear in a variety of weaves,knits, a

20、nd nonwoven constructions; a combination of fabrictypes can occur in any one textile. There is a vast range ofcolors in which textiles are offered in the marketplace. There-fore, the construction, composition, and color of a textile canaid the Examiner in including or excluding a textile forconsider

21、ation in a forensic examination.5.2 A comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examina-tion should consist of a complete characterization of theconstruction and materials used in the composition of the item(such as sewing thread).6. Sample Handling6.1 The general handling and tracking of samples sho

22、uldmeet or exceed the requirements of Practice E1492 and GuideE1459.6.2 Photographs may be taken of the item prior to conduct-ing any analyses in order to provide documentation of theoriginal condition. Document and remove other evidence (forexample, hair, blood, paint, etc.) which may require addit

23、ionalanalysis. Document any physical damage (for example, worn,cut, broken, frayed, etc.). The following general macroscopiccharacteristics should be observed and documented:6.2.1 Severed ends for possible physical matches;6.2.2 Knots or ligatures, or both (1);46.2.3 Dimensions (size, length, diamet

24、er, etc.);6.2.4 Components: number, type, and twist; and6.2.5 Color (dyed/natural).6.3 Do not bring a questioned specimen (for example, apiece of fabric, yarn, tuft of fibers, etc.) in contact with theknown fabric from which it is suspected to have originateduntil you have performed a preliminary ex

25、amination (see 6.2and 7.1) of the questioned specimen.6.4 Do not alter the condition of a questioned specimen (forexample, shape, position, layers or relation of one yarn toanother) before a preliminary examination and before receivinga known sample for comparison.6.5 Do not cut a sample to be used

26、for composition testingfrom ends of yarn or edges of fabric if there is a possibility ofphysically matching a questioned specimen to a known speci-men. Take the known sample away from the existing edge(s)and mark the location as “known taken.”6.6 Fabric and cordage may be a source of other types ofp

27、hysical evidence (for example, hairs, fibers, blood, etc.). Inaddition, cuts, tears, knots and severed ends may be of forensicvalue. Therefore, fabric and cordage evidence should beexamined in a manner that preserves these types of evidence.6.7 All pertinent data collected on questioned and standard

28、samples should be placed into or referenced within the specificcase file.6.8 Reference samples should be maintained. These refer-ence samples should be supplied by a reputable source and beverified before use as a reference. It should be noted that thefiber content listed in manufacturers labeling o

29、f commerciallysupplied items may not be accurate or complete.7. Analysis7.1 Preliminary examination of fibers composing textilesshould include its general appearance under a properly alignedlow power compound microscope. Any adhering debris orextraneous material should be noted.7.2 Physical matches

30、should always be considered if thepieces of fabric or cordage to be compared have been cut ortorn. A physical match must be documented photographicallyor by another comparable documentation method.Additionally,describing the condition of corresponding threads and theirrelative positions in the damag

31、ed area on the questioned andknown pieces (so-called “longs and shorts”) provides a detailedcorroborative description.7.2.1 If a physical match is not possible, comparison of theparameters determined in the checklist will assist the Examinerin determining if the two items could have originated from

32、thesame source.7.3 Fabric:7.3.1 Fabric examinations are primarily a process of decon-structing the fabric by dissecting its constituent elements. Eachof these elements can have a number of sub-elements, all ofwhich must be characterized to complete the examination.These elements include:7.3.1.1 Cons

33、truction (woven, knit, nonwoven) (2),7.3.1.2 Threads per inch in warp and weft direction,7.3.1.3 Staple or continuous fibers in yarns,7.3.1.4 Yarn twist,7.3.1.5 Number of plies,7.3.1.6 Direction of twist of plies,7.3.1.7 Number of filaments in each ply,7.3.1.8 Fiber content of yarn,7.3.1.9 All fiber

34、 types composing the fabric,7.3.1.10 Color(s) and design,4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E2225 1027.3.1.11 Blend of two or more types of fibers within eachply, and7.3.1.12 Sewing threads, buttons, decorations, etc., detailedas above.7.3

35、.2 The information contained on tags in textiles shouldalso be recorded, especially the Registered Number (RN) andthe Woolen Products Label number (WPL). These refer to themanufacturer of the textile and can assist the examiner withtracking a particular textile or garment (3, 4).47.4 Cordage:7.4.1 T

36、he initial step in the identification of rope andcordage is to determine its construction and assembly. It isrecommended that a laboratory checklist be developed for thispurpose (5). The checklist should include, but not be limited to,the following characteristics (see Fig. 1):7.4.1.1 Diameter;7.4.1

37、.2 Staple or filament fibers;7.4.1.3 Twisted, braided, or non-twisted;7.4.1.4 Direction of twist;7.4.1.5 Crowns or turns per inch;7.4.1.6 Number of plies or braids;7.4.1.7 Twist of each ply or braid;7.4.1.8 Crowns or turns per inch; and7.4.1.9 Number of filaments in each ply or braid, that areevalua

38、ted for the following characteristics:(1) Core, if any;(2) Twist;(3) Crowns or turns per inch;(4) Number of filaments;(5) Color(s);(6) Coatings, if any; and(7) Tracers, if any.7.5 After the construction has been established, then theconstituent fibers should be analyzed with the appropriatemicroscop

39、ical and instrumental techniques (6, 7) and GuideE2228). Additional characteristics may be used if necessary toadequately describe the cordage (8) and AATCC Test Method20:Qualitative).8. Report Documentation8.1 Physical matches should be reported so they indicate thetwo or more pieces of material we

40、re at one time a continuouspiece of fabric or cordage. If no physical match is possible, acomplete comparison, including construction and fiber compo-sition, must be performed.Apositive association is made whenthe questioned and known textiles exhibit the same character-istics and properties within

41、the measurement uncertainty of thetested parameters and are therefore consistent with originatingfrom the same source. The examiner would report that the twoobjects exhibit the same color, construction, and composition,and could have come from the same source.9. Keywords9.1 cordage; fabrics; fibers;

42、 forensic scienceE2225 103FIG. 1 Fiber Rope Components and Constructions (3)E2225 104REFERENCES(1) Budworth, G., Knots and Crime, London, UK, Police ReviewPublishing Co., 1985.(2) Oelsner, G. H., A Handbook of Weaves, New York, NY, DoverPublications, Inc., 1952.(3) The Cordage Directory, The Cordage

43、 Institute, Hingam, MA.(4) RN/WPL Encyclopedia, New Providence, NJ, Reed Reference Pub-lishing, 1996.(5) Wiggins, K., “Recognition, Identification and Comparison of Rope andTwine,” Science and Justice, Vol 35, No. 1, 1995, pp. 5358.(6) Hearle, J. W. S., Lomas, B., Cooke, W. D., and Duerden, I. J., F

44、ibreFailure and Wear of MaterialsAn Atlas of Fracture, Fatigue andDurability, New York, NY, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1989.(7) Mahall, K., Quality Assessment of TextilesDamage Detection byMicroscopy, New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1993.(8) Himmelfarb, D., The Technology of Cordage Fibres and Rope,M

45、etuchen, NJ, Textile Book Service, 1957.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the

46、 riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of

47、 this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldm

48、ake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E2225 105