ASTM E2238-2012 Standard Guide for Evacuation Route Diagrams《疏散路线图的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: E2238 12Standard Guide forEvacuation Route Diagrams1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2238; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate

2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard is intended to provide minimum guide-lines for the design and placement of evacuation route dia-grams (ERDs) used in buildings. It covers the evacuatio

3、n ofbuilding occupants when directed by emergency responseauthorities in emergencies such as fire, earthquake, and bombthreat.NOTE 1Evacuation from the facility is not appropriate in all emer-gencies. For example, a tornado or a release of hazardous materials mayrequire sheltering within the buildin

4、g. This diagram standard is intendedto be used in conjunction with a facility emergency plan and instructionson appropriate actions from building management, or emergency responseauthorities, or both.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2072 Specification for Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent)

5、Safety Markings2.2 Other Standards:NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (Safety to Life from Fire inBuildings and Structures)3NFPA 170 Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Sym-bols3UL 1994 Standard for Luminous Egress Path Marking Sys-tems4ICC/ANSI A117.1 Standard for Accessible and UsableBuildings and Facil

6、ities5FEMA Guideline: Guidance on Planning for Integration ofFunctional Needs Support Services in General PopulationShelters November 2010.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 area of refugean area that is either (1) a story in abuilding where the building is protected throughout by anapproved, super

7、vised automatic sprinkler system and has notless than two accessible rooms or spaces separated from eachother by smoke-resisting partitions; or (2) a space located in apath of travel leading to a public way that is protected from theeffects of fire, either by means of separation from other spacesin

8、the same building or by virtue of location, thereby permit-ting a delay in egress travel from any level.NOTE 2An area of refuge is intended for use by impaired personsawaiting rescue by trained emergency personnel in the event of fire. It isnot necessarily designed for use in emergencies requiring t

9、he use ofsubstantial construction, such as windstorm.3.1.2 area of rescue assistancean area in a buildingconstructed for physically disabled persons to enter and awaitfire department assistance during fire and emergency condi-tions in accordance with ADA Guidelines 4.1.3 to 4.3.11.5.3.1.3 assembly p

10、ointsarea(s) outside of the building thathas been predetermined as a meeting point for buildingoccupants to gather and be accounted.3.1.4 dead enda path that leads to no exit.3.1.5 path of egressthe way(s) out of a building, consist-ing of the exit access, exit, and exit discharge.3.1.6 temporary sh

11、eltera pre-determined room/area of thebuilding where occupants are directed in the event that theemergency requires remaining in the building, such as atornado or release of hazardous material.4. Significance and Use4.1 Evacuation route diagrams are informational signs usedto advise building occupan

12、ts, be they employees, residents,patients, or visitors, of the best route(s) to egress the building,or to temporary shelter from their location. It is a pictorialrepresentation of the building/floor layout showing the closestsuch route from a given point in the building. This standardwill provide gu

13、idelines that can be used to provide uniformityin the development and use of these signs. Consistency indesign and placement of these signs can serve to increasefamiliarity and comprehension as well as reduce confusion,thus improving the ability of occupants to egress from thefacility more easily an

14、d quickly in an emergency.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 onOccupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE34.40 on Hazard Communications.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1986.

15、Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2238 - 02, which waswithdrawn July 2011 and reinstated in October 2012. DOI: 10.1520/E2238-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i

16、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd.,Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.5

17、Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Occupancies where standardization of ERDs would bemost b

18、eneficial include those which frequently have occupantsunfamiliar with the facility, such as hotels, places of assembly,offices, healthcare facilities, and multiple occupancy buildings.5. Format and Content5.1 FormatThe overall format of ERDs should be simple.To be quickly read and understood by tho

19、se unfamiliar with thebuilding layout, ERDs should contain only the informationnecessary for the occupant to become oriented to and locate theegress path(s) from their location. The diagram should show atleast two ways to exit from the locations where the diagram isposted.5.1.1 Area CoveredTo minimi

20、ze confusion, ERDs shouldonly cover the area/floor of the facility that contains the at leasttwo exits, an area of rescue assistance (if applicable), and anarea of refuge (if present). The top of the ERD should displaya title indicating the floor number (see Fig. 1).5.1.2 ColorOptimally, signs shoul

21、d be provided in colorwith graphics to more easily distinguish the routes.5.1.3 Current LocationThe current location should beindicated by a solid red circle at least14 in. in diameter, andlabeled “YOU ARE HERE” in capital letters.5.1.4 ExitsExits should be marked by a rectangle marked“EXIT” in red

22、capital letters with arrows pointing to exits.5.1.5 Temporary ShelterTemporary shelters should bemarked by dashed double red lines, shaded, and labeled“TEMPORARY SHELTER” in capital letters.5.1.6 PathsPaths should not direct building occupantsthrough areas which are not intended for egress, such ass

23、torerooms, hazardous areas, rooms that can be locked, or otherareas as specified by NFPA 101, Life Safety Code.5.1.7 Dead EndsDead ends should be depicted using thickblack line with the label “DEAD END” in capital letters.5.1.8 ElevatorsElevators are often not permitted for use inemergencies (such a

24、s fire or earthquake), and may be recalledto the first floor and become unavailable. For these reasons,elevators should be shown on the diagram, but not indicated aspart of the means of egress.FIG. 1 Sample Evacuation DiagramE2238 1225.1.9 Landmarks and BarriersLandmarks and barriersshould be repres

25、ented by a comparable but simplified graphicand identified by a suitable descriptive label.5.1.10 Major Means of Egress ComponentsComponents,including corridors, doors, stairs, and ramps in egress pathsshould be shown in a simplified form.5.1.11 Assembly PointsWhen evacuation to the buildingexterior

26、 is specified, the ERD should display point(s) ofassembly for building occupants to gather and to be accounted.5.1.12 KeyWhere needed, a key should be provided in thelower right corner of the diagram to more clearly define thesymbols used.5.2 LanguageDepending on the needs of the region andnature of

27、 building occupants expected, sign information mayneed to be multi-lingual.6. Visibility and Readability6.1 Sign and Print SizeThe ERD should be a minimum of812 in. high by 11 in. wide. It is recommended that text followNFPA 170, 11.2.4.6.2 IlluminationThe ERD should be continuously illumi-nated on

28、its face with a minimum of one (1) footcandle (10.8lux). ERDs can be photoluminescent in accordance withSpecification E2072 (with a minimum luminance of 5 milli-candela per square meter after 90 minutes) or UL1994.7. Durability7.1 ERDs should be durable and not subject to deteriorationsuch as fading

29、 and tearing.NOTE 3One cost-effective option is to print ERDs on paper andlaminate.7.2 ERDs should be replaced when, through wear ordamage, they become difficult to read.8. Orientation8.1 ERDs should represent and be oriented to the actualfloor arrangement as viewed by building occupants. Thismeans

30、that the top of the diagram should be oriented in thedirection the reader is facing.9. Placement9.1 LocationsThe frequency and location of ERD place-ment should be determined by the needs of the facility. Largerfacilities of complex design may require more frequent ERDsthan smaller buildings with si

31、mple layouts. Facilities withsubstantial numbers of occupants unfamiliar with the buildingmay also call for more ERDs than those where visitors areinfrequent. Facilities should consider placing ERDs in everyroom, at each exit (if there are multiple room exits), and inlarge open occupancy areas every

32、 50-75 ft.9.2 HeightERDs should be mounted 48-60 in. (152 cm)above the finished floor to the center of the sign.10. Keywords10.1 diagram; egress; evacuation; exitASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this st

33、andard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be rev

34、iewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsi

35、ble technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C

36、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E2238 123