1、Designation: E2255/E2255M 13Standard Practice forConducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards inBuildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2255/E2255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting visualassessments in buildings to visually identify the type andl
3、ocation of potential lead hazards. These potential hazards areassociated with deteriorated leaded paint, lead in dust, or leadin soil.1.2 This practices addresses visual assessment proceduresfor four lead-hazard activities: lead risk (hazard) assessment(Guide E2115), clearance examination (Practice
4、E2271), as-sessment of paint condition, and re-evaluation inspection.1.3 Because there is considerable overlap among the re-quirements for these four types of lead-hazard activities, thisstandard first describes a generic visual assessment procedure,and then defines a specific procedure for each ass
5、essment typein terms of additions to, or deletions from, the genericprocedure.1.4 This practice does not address testing needed to confirmthe presence of lead hazards.1.5 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.6 The values
6、 stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1
7、.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Do
8、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments ofDwellings and of Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservationfor Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations
9、Following LeadHazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in OtherChild-Occupied Facilities3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not appearing here, refer toTerminology E1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 leaded dust hazard, na condition that might result inadverse
10、human health effects due to lead in surface dust.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue guidance or promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum mass per area content of lead in dust that is considered toconstitute a hazard.3.2.2 leaded paint hazard, na condition that might re
11、sultin adverse human health effects due to lead in deterioratedpaint on all building surfaces, lead in paint on chewablesurfaces, impact surfaces, or dust-producing friction surfaces.3.2.2.1 DiscussionLevels of lead in deteriorated paint,lead in paint on chewable surfaces, dust-producing frictionsur
12、faces, and impact surfaces that might adversely effecthuman health may be stated in requirements promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction.3.2.3 leaded-soil hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to lead in bare soil.3.2.3.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdi
13、ction may is-sue guidance or promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum amount of lead in soil by percent by mass that isconsidered to constitute a hazard.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E
14、06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2255 04 which waswithdrawn March 2013 and reinstated in September 2013. DOI: 10.1520/E2255_E2255M-13.2For referenced
15、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
16、hocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 This practice supports lead poisoning prevention activi-ties by providing standardized procedures for conductingvisual assessments.4.2 This practice is intended to be used with other ASTMstandards, as appropriate, for conducting lead-ha
17、zard assess-ments.4.3 This practice is intended for use by individuals trainedto conduct visual assessments associated with lead-hazardactivities and in reporting their results. This practice is alsoapplicable for use by others interested in visual assessment ofproperties for lead hazards, such as b
18、uilding code officials,homeowners, and insurers.5. Requirements for Individuals Conducting VisualAssessments5.1 Persons conducting visual assessments need a range ofexpertise, including the ability to identify the type, extent, andcause of coating deterioration and component deterioration,and to det
19、ermine the presence of surface dust, debris, and baresoil. Users of visual assessment services should review theircredentials and experience to determine whether they arequalified to conduct the work.5.1.1 Visual assessments conducted as part of a lead-basedpaint activity within the scope of regulat
20、ions promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction shall be conducted by appropri-ately certified or licensed individuals.6. Materials and Supplies6.1 Copies of Forms, (see Appendix X1).6.2 Clipboard, for holding forms.6.3 Pencil and Sharpener.6.4 Indelible Ink Pen or Permanent Marker.6.5 Flashlight
21、, or other self powered portable light source,as needed, for making visual observations in low light levelareas.6.6 Camera (optional), with supporting equipment neededto create photographs that can be labeled.7. Procedure for Conducting the Generic VisualAssessment7.1 General Visual Assessment Requi
22、rementsThe follow-ing requirements apply to the conduct of visual assessments:7.1.1 Reporting:7.1.1.1 Use a recording system that uniquely identifies thetype and location of each hazard and each incidence of buildingcomponent deterioration. At a minimum, the recording systemmust allow a reasonably e
23、ducated person, when provided withall the records generated from a visual assessment, to deter-mine what hazards and incidences of building componentdeterioration were identified and where each was found. Thispractice provides the individual conducting the visual assess-ment with the flexibility to
24、use personal choices for somerecording needs.7.1.1.2 Examples of forms (site plans, building facesketches, floor plans, building component condition, paint/dust/debris, and grounds) for recording information are shownin Appendix X1. An example of using these forms is presentedin Appendix X2.7.1.1.3
25、Alternate forms are acceptable provided that theyallow unique identification of all hazards and incidences ofbuilding component deterioration.7.1.1.4 Information recorded on any particular form can belimited to only those areas where potential hazards are found.The example floor-plan shown in Append
26、ix X2 includes detailfor the living room, dining room and porch only becausepotential hazards were not identified in other rooms. However,the individuals conducting visual assessments are cautionedagainst overly sparse records when no potential hazards arefound. Lack of records may be viewed as a po
27、tential indicatorthat portions of the assessed area were not inspected.7.1.1.5 Use of a camera to photographically capture thestructures and grounds included within the boundaries of theassessment area provides a means of complementing forms.7.1.2 Symbols and CodesUse of symbols and codes is notrequ
28、ired but is recommended to reduce the effort needed torecord building and grounds locations and observations ofhazards and component deterioration. The symbols and codes,if used, shall be sufficiently defined to identify the items towhich they refer. The codes provided in various sections of thissta
29、ndard, such as in Tables 1-3, are exemplary; others may beused depending on the needs of the person conducting thevisual assessment.7.2 Existing InformationReview historic lead-hazardevaluation, hazard reduction and clearance reports and otherinformation describing ongoing maintenance activities, an
30、drelevant building operations to identify changes from previousconditions and locations of renovation, remodeling, construc-tion or abatement activity. Use this review to help define theboundaries of the assessment area.7.3 Multifamily HousingUnits to be assessed shall bedetermined using appropriate
31、 statistical procedures.7.4 Boundaries of Area to Be AssessedIn consultationwith the client requesting the visual assessment, determine theboundaries of the area to be assessed.7.5 Walk-ThroughWalk through the area to be assessed tobecome familiar with the site and verify the boundaries of thearea t
32、o be assessed, if the entire structure is not to be assessed.Portions of the property excluded from the visual assessmentshall be documented and reported.7.6 Component ReplacementIn consultation with the cli-ent requesting the visual assessment, determine whether anywindows or doors penetrating the
33、exterior walls in the assess-ment area have been replaced. In cases where such a windowor door has been replaced, the visual assessment shall includeboth the interior and exterior of the adjacent walls. In addition,the assessment shall include any horizontal surfaces and theground beneath the replac
34、ed windows or doors.7.7 Access to Area to Be AssessedDetermine whether allareas and surfaces to be assessed are accessible and whethermovable building components such as windows and doors inthe areas to be assessed are functional. Resolve, to the extentE2255/E2255M 132possible, problems and question
35、s associated with access toassessment areas and functionality prior to conducting thevisual assessment. Record incidences of unresolved accessissues and lack of functionality that inhibit the ability to makea visual assessment of those areas or components.7.7.1 Site-Safety ConditionsDuring the walkt
36、hroughinspection, identify potential problems associated with sitesafety. Resolve, to the extent possible, such problems that mayimpact the assessment. Record incidences of potential site-safety conditions.TABLE 1 Description of Paint ConditionHazard Hazard Code Description Observed ConditionADeteri
37、orated Paint or OtherCoatingspaint Deteriorated conditions include paint or othercoatings that are chalking, checking, cracking, orflaking. Incidental blemishes in painted surfacesdue to factors such as nail holes without crackingof surrounding paint, and so forth, should not bedesignated as deterio
38、rated paint.Note the condition of paint deterioration as follows: $2m2$20 ft2 on the exterior building face $0.2 m2$2ft2 on an interior building component, on aroom by room basis $10 percent of the total surface area of a component perunit on an exterior or interior component having small surfaceare
39、a.Alternatively, note if areas of paint deterioration are smallerthan those described above.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard.Deteriorated FrictionSurfacesfriction Window areas, door areas, painted stair treads andbanisters, or any other observed friction
40、 surfacesdisplaying signs of wear due to abrasion.Note the condition if friction surfaces display signs of wear dueto abrasion.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard.Deteriorated ImpactSurfacesimpact Surfaces that are frequently banged or bumped(impacted) whic
41、h can lead to the production ofsmall chips of paint that may be ground into dust oringested. Potential impact surfaces includebaseboards, doorjambs and outside corners ofwalls. Distinguish impact damage from generalpaint deterioration.Note the condition if impact surfaces display localized damageatt
42、ributed to impact.Surfaces having no more than incidental impact damage neednot be noted as a hazard.Deteriorated ChewableSurfaceschew All surfaces showing evidence of teeth marks.Chewable surfaces include windowsills, stairwayspindles, painted furniture on which a child mightchew or teethe.Note the
43、 condition if chewable surfaces display evidence ofteeth marks.ACodes, such “A” and “B” can be used to record the observed conditions. The descriptions of the observed conditions are based on non-regulatory values but have beenfound useful in describing the relative size of the potential hazard. If
44、codes are used, they shall be clearly documented as to their meaning.TABLE 2 Description of Interior Surface Dust, Paint Chips, and DebrisHazard Hazard Code DescriptionGeneral Surface DustAccumulationdust Permanent horizontal surface areas having visible surface dust. Surface areas prone to dust acc
45、umulationinclude: Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery; Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards; and EntrywaysPaint Chip Accumu
46、lation chip Permanent horizontal surface areas having paint chips. Areas prone to paint chip accumulation include: Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ uph
47、olstery; and, Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards.Construction and OtherDebrisdebris Permanent horizontal surface areas having construction or other debris.E2255/E2255M 1337.8 Site-Plan:7.8.1 If the area to be assessed includes any exteriorportions of a unit or structure, prepar
48、e a site-plan for use inrecording findings (see the Site-Plan Form in Appendix X1).7.8.1.1 If a pencil is used for sketching the Site-Plan Form,make the sketch permanent by overwriting it with an indeliblemarker.7.8.2 Show on the Site Plan:7.8.2.1 The relative position and shape of the buildings ont
49、he property being assessed and designate the primary structureundergoing visual assessment (see Note 1).NOTE 1When combined with building face sketches, the site-planprovides an unambiguous method of identifying exterior building com-ponents and site features.7.8.2.2 The address or location of the structure, the name ofthe person conducting the assessment, the date of theassessment, and the approximate north compass direction.7.8.2.3 Driveways, and play areas, the exterior walls of thebuildings, a unique label for each structure, and a wallide
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