ASTM E2255 E2255M-2018a Standard Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards in Buildings.pdf

1、Designation: E2255/E2255M 18aStandard Practice forConducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards inBuildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2255/E2255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting visualassessments in buildings to visually identify the type and

3、location of potential lead hazards. These potential hazards areassociated with deteriorated leaded paint, lead in dust, or leadin soil.1.2 This practice addresses visual assessment procedures forlead-hazard activities such as: lead risk (hazard) assessment(Guide E2115), clearance examination (Practi

4、ces E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), assessment of paint condition,and re-evaluation inspection. It also can be applied to visualassessments following paint maintenance or renovation orrepainting activities, or combinations thereof.1.3 Because there is considerable overlap among the re-quirements for

5、 lead-hazard activities, this standard first de-scribes a generic visual assessment procedure, and then definesa specific procedure for each assessment type in terms ofadditions to, or deletions from, the generic procedure.1.4 This practice does not address testing needed to confirmthe presence of l

6、ead hazards.1.5 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; ther

7、efore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa

8、rd to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on

9、Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Ass

10、essments ofDwellings and of Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservationfor Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2271/E2271M Practice for Clearance Examinations Fol-lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in MultifamilyDwellingsE3074/E3074M Practice for Clearance Examin

11、ations Fol-lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Fam-ily Dwellings, in Individual Units of MultifamilyDwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not appearing here, refer toTerminology E1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standa

12、rd:3.2.1 leaded dust hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to lead in surface dust.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue guidance or promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum mass per area content of lead in dust that is considered tocon

13、stitute a hazard.3.2.2 leaded paint hazard, na condition that might resultin adverse human health effects due to lead in deterioratedpaint on all building surfaces, lead in paint on chewablesurfaces, impact surfaces, or dust-producing friction surfaces.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of AST

14、M Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E2255/E2255M18.DOI: 10.152

15、0/E2255_E2255M18A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb

16、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendati

17、ons issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.2.1 DiscussionLevels of lead in deteriorated paint,lead in paint on chewable surfaces, dust-producing frictionsurfaces, and impact surfaces that might adversely affecthuman health may be stated in requirement

18、s promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction.3.2.3 leaded soil hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to lead in bare soil.3.2.3.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue guidance or promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum amount of lead in so

19、il by percent by mass that isconsidered to constitute a hazard.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice supports lead poisoning prevention activi-ties by providing standardized procedures for conductingvisual assessments.4.2 This practice is intended to be used with other ASTMstandards, as appropria

20、te, for conducting lead-hazard assess-ments.4.3 This practice is intended for use by individuals trainedto conduct visual assessments associated with lead-hazardactivities and in reporting their results. This practice is alsoapplicable for use by others interested in visual assessment ofproperties f

21、or lead hazards, such as building code officials,building operators, homeowners, and insurers.5. Requirements for Individuals Conducting VisualAssessments5.1 Persons conducting visual assessments need a range ofexpertise, including the ability to identify the type, extent, andcause of coating deteri

22、oration and component deterioration,and to determine the presence of surface dust, debris, and baresoil. Users of visual assessment services should review theircredentials and experience to determine whether they arequalified to conduct the work.5.1.1 Visual assessments conducted as part of a lead-b

23、asedpaint activity within the scope of regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction shall be conducted by appropri-ately certified or licensed individuals.6. Materials and Supplies6.1 Copies of Forms, (see Appendix X1).6.2 Clipboard, for holding forms.6.3 Pencil and Sharpener.6.4 Indeli

24、ble Ink Pen or Permanent Marker.6.5 Flashlight, or other self-powered portable light source,as needed, for making visual observations in low light levelareas.6.6 Camera (optional), with supporting equipment neededto create photographs that can be labeled.6.7 Video recorder (suggested), for both visu

25、al and audiodocumentation of current property conditions.7. Procedure for Conducting the Generic VisualAssessment7.1 General Visual Assessment RequirementsThe follow-ing requirements apply to the conduct of visual assessments:7.1.1 Reporting:7.1.1.1 Use a recording system that uniquely identifies th

26、etype and location of each hazard and each incidence of buildingcomponent deterioration. At a minimum, the recording systemmust allow a reasonably educated person, when provided withall the records generated from a visual assessment, to deter-mine what hazards and incidences of building componentdet

27、erioration were identified and where each was found. Thispractice provides the individual conducting the visual assess-ment with the flexibility to use personal choices for somerecording needs.7.1.1.2 Examples of forms (site plans, building facesketches, floor plans, building component condition, pa

28、int/dust/debris, and grounds) for recording information are shownin Appendix X1. An example of using these forms is presentedin Appendix X2.7.1.1.3 Alternate forms are acceptable provided that theyallow unique identification of all hazards and incidences ofbuilding component deterioration.7.1.1.4 In

29、formation recorded on any particular form can belimited to only those areas where potential hazards are found.The example floor-plan shown in Appendix X2 includes detailfor the living room, dining room and porch only becausepotential hazards were not identified in other rooms. However,the individual

30、s conducting visual assessments are cautionedagainst overly sparse records when no potential hazards arefound. Lack of potential hazards found needs to be documentedalong with any exceptions taken during the visual assessmentsuch as, areas not assessed due to access limitations. Lack ofrecords may b

31、e viewed as a potential indicator that portions ofthe assessed area were not inspected.7.1.1.5 Use of a camera or video recorder, or both, tophotographically capture the structures and grounds includedwithin the boundaries of the assessment area provides a meansof complementing forms.7.1.2 Symbols a

32、nd CodesUse of symbols and codes is notrequired but is recommended to reduce the effort needed torecord building and grounds locations and observations ofhazards and component deterioration. The symbols and codes,if used, shall be sufficiently defined to identify the items towhich they refer. The co

33、des provided in various sections of thisstandard, such as in Tables 1-3, are exemplary; others may beused depending on the needs of the person conducting thevisual assessment.7.2 Existing InformationReview historic lead-hazardevaluation, hazard reduction and clearance reports and otherinformation de

34、scribing ongoing maintenance activities, andrelevant building operations to identify changes from previousconditions and locations of renovation, remodeling, construc-tion or abatement activity. Use this review to help define theboundaries of the assessment area.7.3 Multifamily HousingUnits to be as

35、sessed shall bedetermined using appropriate statistical procedures.7.4 Boundaries of Area to Be AssessedIn consultationwith the client requesting the visual assessment, determine theboundaries of the area to be assessed.E2255/E2255M 18a27.5 Walk-ThroughWalk through the area to be assessed tobecome f

36、amiliar with the site and verify the boundaries of thearea to be assessed, if the entire structure is not to be assessed.Portions of the property excluded from the visual assessmentshall be documented and reported.7.6 Component ReplacementIn consultation with the cli-ent requesting the visual assess

37、ment, determine whether anywindows or doors penetrating the exterior walls in the assess-ment area have been replaced. In cases where such a windowor door has been replaced, the visual assessment shall includeTABLE 1 Description of Paint ConditionHazard Hazard Code Description Observed ConditionADet

38、eriorated Paint or OtherCoatingspaint Deteriorated conditions include paint, stain, varnish,shellac, or other coatings that are chalking,checking, cracking, or flaking. Incidental blemishesin painted surfaces due to factors such as nailholes without cracking of surrounding paint, and soforth, should

39、 not be designated as deterioratedpaint.Note the condition of paint deterioration as follows: $2m2$20 ft2 on the exterior building face $0.2 m2$2ft2 on an interior building component, on aroom by room basis $10 percent of the total surface area of a component perunit on an exterior or interior compo

40、nent having small surfacearea.Alternatively, note if areas of paint deterioration are smallerthan those described above.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard but should be noted as in fair conditionand may require future attention.Deteriorated FrictionSurface

41、sfriction Window areas, door areas, painted stair treads andbanisters, coated floors, or any other observedfriction surfaces displaying signs of wear due toabrasion.Note the condition if friction surfaces display signs of wear dueto abrasion.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need not

42、be noted as a hazard but should be noted as in fair conditionand may require future attention.Deteriorated ImpactSurfacesimpact Surfaces that are frequently banged or bumped(impacted) which can lead to the production ofsmall chips of paint that may be ground into dust oringested. Potential impact su

43、rfaces include lowerportions of walls, baseboards, doorjambs andoutside corners of walls. Distinguish impactdamage from general paint deterioration.Note the condition if impact surfaces display localized damageattributed to impact.Surfaces having no more than incidental impact damage neednot be note

44、d as a hazard but should be noted as in faircondition and may require future attention.Deteriorated ChewableSurfaceschew All surfaces showing evidence of teeth marks.Chewable surfaces include windowsills, stairwayspindles, painted furniture on which a child mightchew or teethe.Toys that appear to be

45、 chewed may be included ifnoted in the assessment area.Note the condition if chewable surfaces display evidence ofteeth marks.ACodes, such “A” and “B” can be used to record the observed conditions. The descriptions of the observed conditions are based on non-regulatory values but have beenfound usef

46、ul in describing the relative size of the potential hazard. If codes are used, they shall be clearly documented as to their meaning.TABLE 2 Description of Interior Surface Dust, Paint Chips, and DebrisHazard Hazard Code DescriptionGeneral Surface DustAccumulationdust Permanent horizontal surface are

47、as having visible surface dust. Surface areas prone to dust accumulationinclude: Floors; Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery/furniture/applianc

48、es/and other resident belongings; Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards; and EntrywaysPaint Chip Accumulation chip Permanent horizontal surface areas having paint chips. Areas prone to paint chip accumulation include: Floors; Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Roo

49、m corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery; and, Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards.Construction and OtherDebrisdebris Permanent horizontal surface areas having construction or other debris.E2255/E2255M 18a3both the interior and exterior of the adjacent walls. In addition,the assessment shall include any horizontal surfaces and theground beneath the replaced windows or doors.7.7 Access to Area to Be AssessedDetermine whether all