1、Designation: E2257 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forRoom Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials andAssemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate, under specif
3、iedfire-exposure conditions, the contribution to room fire growthprovided by wall or ceiling materials and assemblies, or both.The method is not intended to evaluate the fire endurance ofassemblies or fires originating in the wall assembly. Themethod provides a means to evaluate the effectiveness of
4、thermal barriers in restricting the contribution of combustiblematerials in the wall assembly to fire growth in a room fire.1.3 This test method, simulating a fire in the corner of a2420 by 3630 mm (8 by 12 ft) room containing a single opendoorway, provides a means to evaluate the relative perfor-ma
5、nce of specified wall and ceiling materials or assemblieswhen they are used together in the same relationship within anenclosure, and simulating the manner in which they will beused.1.4 This test method is intended to evaluate the contributionto fire growth provided by a surface product using a spec
6、ifiedignition source. It shall, however, be noted that the type,position and heat output of the ignition source will consider-ably influence fire growth. The thermal exposure conditionsfrom the ignition source specified in this method will result inflashover during the 20 min duration for many commo
7、n finishmaterials, in particular if specimens are mounted on the wallsand the ceiling (standard configuration).1.5 This test method provides a means for evaluating walland ceiling finish materials and assemblies, including panels,tiles, boards, sprayed or brushed coatings, etc. This test methodis no
8、t intended to evaluate flooring materials or furnishings.1.6 This method shall be used in conjunction with GuideE603, which covers instrumentation and the general effect ofvarious parameters, and Guide E2067, which deals withfull-scale oxygen consumption calorimetry.1.7 The values stated in SI units
9、 are to be regarded as thestandard. The units given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in figures) shall not be considered asrequirements of the standard
10、.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
11、 conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.
12、11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Verti
13、calTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire Tests2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9705 Fire TestsReaction to FireRoom Fire Test3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary31This test method is under the juri
14、sdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2257-13a. DOI:10.1520/E2257-16.2
15、For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization
16、 (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 265 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating RoomFire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall
17、Coverings4NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowth43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard, see Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E17
18、6 shallprevail.3.1.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products, or both. E1763.1.2 flashover, nthe rapid transitionto a state of totalsurface involvement in a fire of combustible materials withinan enclosure. E1763.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface p
19、er unit area,per unit time. E1763.1.4 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the speci-men per unit time. E1763.1.5 optical density of smoke, na measure of the attenu-ation of a light beam through smoke, expressed as the commonlogarithm of the ratio of the incident flux, I0, to the transmittedflu
20、x, I. E1763.1.6 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released. E1763.1.7 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid particulatesand gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis orcombustion. E1763.1.8 smoke
21、 obscuration, nreduction of light transmissionby smoke as measured by light attenuation. E1763.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the product,which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method
22、 uses a gas burner to produce a diffusionflame in contact with the walls and ceiling in the corner of a2420 by 3630 by 2420 mm (8 by 12 by 8 ft) high room. Theburner produces a prescribed net rate of heat output of 100 kW(5690 Btu/min) during the first 10 min, followed by 300 kW(17 060 Btu/min) duri
23、ng the next 10 min. The contribution ofthe wall and ceiling materials or assemblies to fire growth ismeasured in terms of the time history of the incident heat fluxon the center of the floor, the time history of the temperature ofthe gases in the upper part of the room, the time to flashover,and the
24、 rate of heat release. The test is conducted with naturalventilation to the room provided through a single doorway 780by 2015 mm (30 by 80 in.) in width and height. Thecombustion products are collected in a hood feeding into aplenum connected to an exhaust duct in which measurementsare made of the g
25、as velocity, temperature, light obscuration,and concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbonmonoxide.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test is applicable to a description of certain fireperformance characteristics in appraising wall and ceilingmaterials, products, or systems under specifi
26、ed fire-exposureconditions in an enclosure. The test indicates the maximumextent of fire growth in a room, the rate of heat release, and ifthey occur, the time to flashover, and the time to flameextension beyond the doorway following flashover. It deter-mines the extent to which the wall and ceiling
27、 materials orassemblies contribute to fire growth in a room and the potentialfor fire spread beyond the room, under the particular conditionssimulated. It does not measure the contribution of the roomcontents. (See Appendix X1, Commentary.)5.2 Flashover shall be considered to have occurred whenany t
28、wo of the following conditions have been attained:(a) Heat release rate exceeds 1 MW.(b) Heat flux at the floor exceeds 20 kW/m2.(c) Average upper layer temperature exceeds 600C.(d) Flames exit doorway.(e) A paper target on the floor auto-ignites.5.2.1 Time to flashover shall be the time from start
29、of testuntil the second condition has been attained.5.3 The potential for the spread of fire to other objects in theroom, remote from the ignition source, is evaluated by mea-surements of: (a) the total heat flux incident on the center of thefloor, and (b) a characteristic upper level gas temperatur
30、e in theroom.5.4 The potential for the spread of fire to objects outside theroom of origin is evaluated by the measurement of the rate ofheat release of the fire.5.5 Measurements of the rate of production of carbonmonoxide, carbon dioxide, and visible smoke are taken.5.6 The overall performance of t
31、he test specimen is visuallydocumented by full-color photographic records. Video tapingof the complete fire test is an acceptable alternative to thephotographic record. Such records show when each area of thetest specimen becomes involved in the fire.5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjecte
32、d to aspecific set of laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Ifdifferent test conditions are substituted or the anticipatedend-use conditions are changed, it is not known whether it ispossible by use of this test to predict changes in the perfor-mance characteristics measured. Therefore, the resu
33、lts arestrictly valid only for the fire test exposure conditions de-scribed in this procedure.6. Ignition Source6.1 The ignition source for the test shall be a gas burner witha nominal 170 by 170 mm (6.7 by 6.7 in.) porous top surfaceof a refractory material, as shown in Fig. 1.6.2 The top surface o
34、f the burner through which the gas issupplied shall be located horizontally, 170 mm (6.7 in.) off the4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.E2257 162floor, and the burner enclosure shall be in contact with bothwalls in a corner of the r
35、oom opposite from the door, and theedge of the diffusion surface shall be flush with the wall.6.3 The burner shall be supplied with C.P. grade propane(99 % purity), with a net heat of combustion of 46.5 6 0.5MJ/kg (20 000 6 200 Btu/lb.) The gas flow to the burner shallbe measured with an accuracy of
36、 at least 63 %. The flowmeasuring equipment shall be calibrated per the manufactur-ers instructions at least once per year. The heat output to theburner shall be controlled within 65 % of the prescribed value.6.4 The gas supply to the burner shall produce a net heatoutput of 100 6 3 kW (5690 6 170 B
37、tu/min) for the first 10min, followed by 300 6 10 kW (17060 6 570 Btu/min) for thenext 10 min.FIG. 1 Gas Burner Ignition SourceE2257 163NOTE 1This corresponds to a flow of approximately 67.3 L/min at100 kW, and 202.0 L/min at 300 kW for propane with a net heat ofcombustion of 46.5 MJ/kg, under stand
38、ard conditions of 101 kPa pressureand 20C temperature.6.5 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or aremotely controlled spark igniter.6.6 Burner controls shall be provided for automatic gassupply shut-off if flameout occurs.7. Compartment Geometry and ConstructionNOTE 2The choices for the si
39、ze of compartment fire experiments arediscussed in Guide E603. The compartment dimensions and tolerancesdefined in this section have been chosen to make it convenient to utilizeboth standard U.S. size 1.22 by 2.44 m (4 by 8 ft) building materials orpanels and standard 1.2 by 2.4 m panel sizes common
40、 outside the U.S.7.1 The room shall consist of four walls at right angles,floor, and ceiling and shall have the following inner dimen-sions: 3630 6 30 mm (12 ft) in length, 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft)in width, and 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft) in height (see Fig. 2). Theroom shall be placed indoors in an essentially
41、draft free,conditioned space, large enough to ensure that there is noinfluence on the test fire. In order to facilitate the mounting ofthe instruments and of the ignition source, it is convenient toplace the test room so that the floor is accessible from beneath.7.2 There shall be a doorway in the c
42、enter of one of the2420 by 2420 mm (8 by 8 ft) walls, and no other wall, floor orceiling openings that allow ventilation.The doorway shall havethe following dimensions: 780 6 20 mm (30 in.) in width, and2015 6 15 mm (80 in.) in height.7.3 The test compartment shall be a framed or a concrete-block st
43、ructure. If the former type of structure is used, theinterior walls and ceiling of the frame shall be lined withgypsum wallboard or calcium silicate board with a density of500 to 800 kg/m3(31 to 50 lb/ft3). The minimum thickness ofthe lining material shall be 20 mm (34 in.).7.4 If self-supporting pa
44、nels are tested, a separate exteriorframe or block compartment is not required.8. Instrumentation in the Fire Room8.1 The following are minimum requirements for instru-mentation for this test. Added instrumentation is desirable forfurther information.8.2 Heat Flux:8.2.1 SpecificationThe total heat f
45、lux meters shall be ofthe Gardon (foil) or the Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type witha design range of approximately 50 kW/m2(4.4 Btu/ft2s). Thetarget receiving radiation, and possibly to a small extentconvection, shall be flat, circular, not more than 15 mm (58 in.)in diameter and coated with a dur
46、able matt black finish. Thetarget shall be contained within a water-cooled body whosefront face shall be of highly polished metal, flat, coincidingwith the plane of the target and circular, with a diameter of notmore than 50 mm (2 in.) The heat flux meter shall have anaccuracy of at least 6 3 % and
47、a repeatability within 6 0.5 %.In operation, the meter shall be maintained at a constanttemperature, at least 5C above the dew point.FIG. 2 Room Geometry and Placement of Heat Flux MeterE2257 1648.2.2 LocationThe heat flux meter shall be mounted at thegeometric center of the floor (see Fig. 2). The
48、target area shallbe between 5 and 30 mm (14 and 114 in.) above the floorsurface.8.2.3 CalibrationThe heat flux meters shall be calibratedat yearly intervals.8.3 Gas Temperatures:8.3.1 SpecificationBare Type K Chromel-Alumel thermo-couples 0.5 mm (20 mil) in diameter shall be used at eachrequired loc
49、ation. The thermocouple wire, within 13 mm (12in.) of the bead, shall be run along expected isotherms(horizontally) to minimize conduction errors. The insulationbetween the Chromel and Alumel wires shall be stable to atleast 1100C (2000F), or the wires shall be separated.NOTE 31.6 mm OD Inconel sheathed thermocouples with an un-grounded junction and high purity (99.4 %) magnesium oxide insulationwill work satisfactorily. The commonly used silicone-impregnated glassinsulation breaks down above 800C (1500F.)8.3.2 Location in DoorwayA thermocouple
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