1、Designation: E 2280 03e1An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of UpholsteredSeating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health CareFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2280; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEThe safety hazards caveat was added in October 2
3、004.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-responserequirements for each material, component or product placed in a certain environment and deemedimportant to ensure fire safety. This practice has been in place for so long that it giv
4、es a significantlevel of comfort: a manufacturers knows what is required to comply with the specifications andspecifiers apply the requirements. Implicit assumptions, not stated, are that the use of the prescribedrequirements ensures an adequate level of safety. There is no need to impose any change
5、 on thosemanufacturers who supply safe systems meeting existing prescriptive requirements. However, as newmaterials and products are developed, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire theflexibility to choose how the overall safety requirements are to be met. Thus, it is the responsibi
6、lityof the developer of an alternative approach to state explicitly the assumptions being made to producethe output. The way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to provide a performance-basedapproach, based on test methods providing data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safet
7、yengineering calculations, as this guide provides. The resulting fire hazard assessment focuses onupholstered seating furniture items within patient rooms in health care occupancies. This requiresdeveloping the fire scenarios to be considered and the effect of all contents and design considerationsw
8、ithin the patient room which are potentially able to affect the resulting fire hazard. This offersopportunities for innovation, and ingenuity, without compromising safety.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments forupholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of healt
9、hcare occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contem-porary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a firehazard assessment for use in specifications for upholsteredseating furniture in such occupancies.1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potentialseverity of the fires that can
10、 develop with certain products indefined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazardassessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring,but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used forregulation, nor does it give
11、 definitive instructions on how toconduct a fire hazard assessment.1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to thoseinterested in mitigating the potential damage from fires asso-ciated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health careoccupancies.1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to h
12、elp assess the firehazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use inupholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for study-ing the level of fire safety associated with certain designchoices. It can also aid those interested in designing featuresappropriate to health care occupa
13、ncies. Finally, it may beuseful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E 1546,which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specificto upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and in-cludes an extensive bibliography. It di
14、ffers from Guide E 1546in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue ofupholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities,rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes somestatistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.1This guide is under the jurisdic
15、tion of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings andContents.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published June 2003.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
16、es.1.7 A fire hazard assessment conducted in accordance withthis guide is strongly dependent on the limitations in the factorsdescribed in 1.7.1-1.7.4.1.7.1 Input data (including their precision or accuracy).1.7.2 Appropriate test procedures.1.7.3 Fire models or calculation procedures that are simul
17、-taneously relevant, accurate and appropriate.1.7.4 Advancement of scientific knowledge.1.8 This guide addresses specific fire scenarios which begininside or outside of the patient room. However, the upholsteredfurniture under consideration is inside the patient room.1.9 The fire scenarios used for
18、this hazard assessment guideare described in 9.2. They involve the upholstered furnitureitem within the patient room as the first or second item ignited,in terms of the room of fire origin. Additionally, considerationshould be given to the effect of the patient room upholsteredfurniture item on the
19、tenability of occupants of rooms otherthan the room of fire origin, and on that of potential rescuers.1.10 This guide does not claim to address all fires that canoccur in patient rooms in health care occupancies. In particular,fires with more severe initiating conditions than those assumedin the ana
20、lysis may pose more severe fire hazard than thatcalculated using this guide (see also 9.5).1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
21、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantita-tive measures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE 176 Terminology Relating to Fire StandardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire
22、 ExperimentsE 648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and ProductsE 1321 Test Metho
23、d for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE 1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE 1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Releas
24、eRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofFire ModelsE 1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for FireModelsE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Comp
25、onents orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Real Scale Testing of UpholsteredFurniture ItemsE 1546 Guide for the Development of Fire Hazard Assess-ment StandardsE 1590 Test Method for Real Scale Testing of MattressesE 1591 Guide for Data for Fire Model
26、sE 1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-ering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE 2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE 2067 Practice for Full Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsF
27、 1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials AfterWater Leaching2.2 CA Standards:3CA Technical Bulletin 116, “Requirements, Test Procedureand Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Up-holstered Furniture,” January 1980CA Technical Bul
28、letin 117, “Requirements, Test Proce-dures, and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance ofResilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstery Furniture,”January 19802.3 NFPA Codes and Standards:4NFPA 101 Code to Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings andStructuresNFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests
29、 for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Wall and CeilingInterior FinishNFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probabilityof FlashoverNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2
30、.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:5ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabularyISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface ProductsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
31、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-tion, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Oran
32、ge GroveAvenue, North Highlands, CA, 95660-5595.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from Americ
33、anNational Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY10036.E228003e122.5 Federal Standards:6Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 58302.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standard:7UL 1975 Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used forDecorative Purposes
34、2.7 International Code Council Codes:8IBC International Building Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000EditionIFC International Fire Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000Edition2.8 AATCC Standard:9AATCC Test Method 124-1996 Appearance of Fabrics afterRepeated Home Laundering3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms
35、 used in this guide and associatedwith fire issues refer to the terminology contained in Termi-nology E 176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the defini-tions given in Terminology E 176 shall prevail. For definitionsof terms used in this guide and associated with textile issuesrefer to the termino
36、logy contained in Terminology D 123 andISO 4880. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Termi-nology D 123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions contained in Terminology E 176 deemedessential for use with this guide:3.2.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated withfire.3.2.1.1 DiscussionA fi
37、re may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, flame spread,rate of heat release, sm
38、oke generation and obscuration, toxicityof combustion products and ease of extinguishment.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product,or assembly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-response charac-teristic, q.v.).3.2.2.
39、1 DiscussionThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standardsdistinguishes between the response of materials, products orassemblies to heat and flame “under controlled conditions,”which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fireconditions,” which is fire performance. Fire performancedepends on the
40、 occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, isgenerally used as a predictor of the fire performance of amaterial, product, or assem
41、bly.3.2.3 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions,including environmental, of one or more of the steps frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe conditions describing a fire sce-nario, or a group of fire sce
42、narios, are those required for thetesting, analysis, or assessment that is of interest. Typicallythey are those conditions that can create significant variation inthe results. The degree of detail necessary will depend upon theintended use of the fire scenario. Environmental conditionsmay be include
43、d in a scenario definition but are not required inall cases. Fire scenarios often define conditions in the earlysteps of a fire while allowing analysis to calculate conditions inlater steps.3.2.4 flashover, nthe rapid transition to a state of totalsurface involvement in a fire of combustible materia
44、ls withinan enclosure.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFlashover occurs when the surfacetemperatures of an enclosure and its contents rise, producingcombustible gases and vapors, and the enclosure heat fluxbecomes sufficient to heat these gases and vapors to theirignition temperatures. This commonly occurs when th
45、e upperlayer temperature reaches 600C or when the radiant heat fluxat the floor reaches 20 kW/m2.3.2.5 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from thespecimen, per unit of time.3.2.6 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid particulatesand gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis orcombustion.3.
46、2.7 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 tenability (of humans to fire-generated conditions),nthe capability of humans to occupy a room withoutbecoming incapacitated or being killed as a result
47、of a fire.3.3.2 tenability limit (of humans to fire-generated condi-tions), nlimit at which a human being is rendered physicallyincapacitated or dies as a consequence of exposure to one ormore factors (such as toxic gases, temperature, heat flux, orsmoke obscuration) generated by a fire.3.3.3 uphols
48、tered seating furniture, na unit of interiorfurnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, inwhole or in part, with a fabric or related upholstery covermaterial, (2) contains upholstery material, and (3) is intendedor promoted for sitting upon.3.3.3.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this gui
49、de, mat-tresses, bedding and other sleep products are excluded from thedefinition of upholstered seating furniture.3.3.4 upholstery cover material, nthe outermost layer offabric or related material used to enclose the main supportsystem or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furnitureitem.6Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activity,Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washing-ton, DC, 20407.7Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.8A
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