ASTM E2292-2004(2012) Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents《一氧化碳中毒事故调查的标准实施规程》.pdf

1、Designation: E2292 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forInvestigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide PoisoningIncidents1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision

2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers guidelines for collecting and pre-serving information and physical evidence related

3、 to incidentsinvolving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.1.2 This practice is not intended to be a guide for investi-gating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, orcontamination in closed air systems. Guidance on the investi-gation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to

4、fire can befound in NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investiga-tions.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This s

5、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.

6、1 ASTM Standards:2E678 Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical DataE860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That AreOr May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil LitigationE1020 Practice for Reporting Incidents that May InvolveCriminal or Civil Litigation2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 54 N

7、ational Fuel Gas CodeNFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations3. Significance and Use3.1 Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approxi-mately 300 deaths annually in the United States, (excluding firedeaths) and carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands ofindividuals to seek medica

8、l attention.3.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals whoinvestigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. Ifthis procedure is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxidepoisoning incident may be determined, and steps can be takento prevent future incidents.4. Equipment4.1 Electr

9、onic Carbon Monoxide MonitorA properly cali-brated direct reading electronic monitor having a range of 0 to1000 ppm is useful in that its output provides almost instanta-neous concentration data, and it therefore has the capability towarn the investigator if carbon monoxide levels are reachingdanger

10、ous concentrations.4.2 Reagent Tube IndicatorSeveral types of reagent tubeindicators are available for measuring carbon monoxide, car-bon dioxide, and fuel gases. Reagent tubes capable of respond-ing to concentrations of 0 to 100 ppm, 0 to 1000 ppm, and 0 to1 % carbon monoxide in air are recommended

11、.4.3 Ventilation EquipmentA fan or similar device shouldbe available to allow flushing the air space around equipmentbetween tests.4.4 All equipment shall be calibrated at least annually.5. Safety5.1 Testing equipment suspected of causing carbon monox-ide poisoning can yield definitive results that

12、cannot beobtained any other way. Testing equipment that may haveinjured individuals; however, is a potentially dangerousundertaking, in that the investigator runs the risk of becomingexposed to carbon monoxide being produced by improperlyfunctioning equipment.5.2 Safe testing procedures are of the u

13、tmost importance.Before any testing is planned, a safety officer shall be identi-fied. The safety officers responsibilities shall be to protect thesafety and health of the investigator and any individuals whomay be affected by the testing.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E5

14、8 on ForensicEngineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.05 on IndustrialProcesses.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2292 04. DOI:10.1520/E2292-04R12.2For referenced ASTM standar

15、ds. visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, M

16、A 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 Stable communications should be assured between thesite and emergency service providers.5.4 Until its safe operation has been verified, only oneperso

17、n at a time should be allowed into any space where apiece of equipment is being tested for carbon monoxide output.That person should remain within sight of the safety officer oranother individual capable of rescuing that individual from thespace.5.5 All testing shall be discussed in detail with all

18、individu-als involved in the testing, prior to the beginning of any test.6. Procedure6.1 Scene SecurityThe first priority is to evacuate thescene and prevent further injuries or loss of life.6.1.1 After evacuation, the scene should be secured, and ifpossible, a field measurement of carbon monoxide l

19、evels invarious locations around the scene should be taken.6.1.2 The fuel supply to the scene should be turned off. Thismay require the switching off of internal combustion engines,or the closing of valves for gaseous or liquid fuels.6.2 Documentary InformationCollect information relatedto the poiso

20、ning event, including emergency phone linerecordings, and medical records, particularly those that de-scribe the blood gas analysis of the victims. Obtain statementsas early as feasible from all individuals associated with theincident.6.3 Identify all fuel-burning equipment in the site.6.3.1 A parti

21、al list of equipment that might be a potentialsource of carbon monoxide includes gas appliances (furnaces,ranges, ovens, water heaters, and clothes dryers), fireplaces,wood and coal stoves, space heaters, charcoal grills, campstoves, automobiles, gas-powered lawnmowers, and gas pow-ered tools.6.4 On

22、ce all of the fuel-burning equipment has beenidentified, establish and document the condition of the valvesand/or switches on each piece of equipment at the time of theincident.6.5 Determine the source of fuel, air, and ventilation of eachpiece of equipment.6.5.1 Determine whether any of the equipme

23、nt is located inan enclosure that can be defined as a “confined space.”6.5.1.1 Confined spaces are defined in NFPA 54 as, “a spacewhose volume is less than fifty cubic feet per 1000 btu per hour(4.8 m3per kW) of the aggregate input of all appliancesinstalled in that space.”6.5.2 Determine whether th

24、e equipment has an adequatesupply of air for combustion and ventilation as specified inNFPA 54, chapter 5.6.5.3 Determine whether the equipment, if venting isrequired, is vented to safely carry the products of combustionoutside, as required by NFPA 54, chapter 7.6.5.4 Determine whether any temporary

25、 obstructions of theequipment ventilation, including obstructions of the return airvents have been moved.6.6 Planning the TestDevelop a plan for safely testing thepotential sources of carbon monoxide in the scene. In mostcases, this planning will involve preparation of a writtenprotocol for tests to

26、 be carried out. Refer to Practice E678 inplanning any tests.6.6.1 This plan will typically include the turning on ofequipment and observing its performance using the carbonmonoxide monitoring devices described in Section 5.6.6.2 Identify the individuals who will be conducting thetests, including th

27、e safety officer.6.6.3 Identify any individuals who may have an interest inthe outcome of the testing.6.6.3.1 Such individuals may include the property owner,representatives of the victim(s), equipment manufacturers,equipment service personnel, law enforcement officers, codeenforcement officers, and

28、 the insurance carrier for any of theparties listed above.6.7 Notify individuals who have been identified as possiblyhaving an interest in the testing of the time that the tests aregoing to take place. For additional guidance on notification, seePractice E860.6.7.1 Keep a record of individuals who h

29、ave been notified ofthe proposed testing.6.7.2 Notification of other interested parties may not benecessary if the investigation is going to be limited to obser-vations that do not change the condition of any of the structuresor equipment.6.8 Operate each piece of equipment that has been identifieda

30、s a potential source of carbon monoxide in the manner inwhich it is designed to be operated, and, using the equipmentdescribed in Section 5, measure the carbon monoxide output, ifany.6.8.1 Attempt to reconstruct temporary obstructions to thereturn air or combustion air vents or to the flues or chimn

31、eys.6.8.2 If abnormal operation of any piece of equipment issuspected, operate that equipment in the abnormal fashion, ifpossible, changing only one operating parameter at a time, andrecord the results.6.8.3 Operate equipment or appliances in combination, onlyif the combination of equipment is suspe

32、cted of contributing tothe cause of the carbon monoxide buildup.7. Collection of Physical Evidence7.1 Once all parties to the investigation are satisfied thatsufficient testing has been accomplished, items of physicalevidence pertinent to the conclusions may be secured.7.2 Label according to Practic

33、e E1859.7.3 Frequently, the device that is identified as havingproduced the carbon monoxide can be restored to a safeoperating condition, and left in place after the condition thatled to the poisoning event has been sufficiently documented.8. Report8.1 The investigative report should include the fol

34、lowinginformation.8.1.1 Location, date and time of the incident.8.1.2 Extent of the victims injuries, including carboxyhe-moglobin (COHb) level in the victims blood.8.1.3 Identification of the source of the carbon monoxide.E2292 04 (2012)28.1.4 Identification of conditions that caused the source oft

35、he carbon monoxide to produce the carbon monoxide.8.1.5 Identification of a path of travel from the carbonmonoxide producing device to the victim.8.1.6 A description of corrective actions needed to renderthe equipment safe.8.1.7 For additional guidance on reporting the incident,refer to Practice E10

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