1、Designation: E2292 04 (Reapproved 2012)E2292 14Standard PracticeGuide forField Investigation of Investigating Carbon MonoxidePoisoning Incidents1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers guidelines for collecting and preserving information and physica
3、l evidence related to incidentsinvolving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.1.2 This practice is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, orcontamination in closed air systems. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poison
4、ings related to fire can be found inNFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered st
5、andard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referen
6、ced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E678 Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical DataE860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil LitigationE1020 Practice for Reporting Incidents that May Involve Criminal or Civil Litigation2.2 NFPA Sta
7、ndards:3NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas CodeNFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations3. Significance and Use3.1 Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approximately 300 deaths annually in the United States, (excluding firedeaths) and carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands of individua
8、ls to seek medical attention.3.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If thisprocedure is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and steps can be taken to preventfuture incidents.4.
9、Equipment4.1 Electronic Carbon Monoxide MonitorA properly calibrated direct reading electronic monitor having a range of 0 to 1000ppm is useful in that its output provides almost instantaneous concentration data, and it therefore has the capability to warn theinvestigator if carbon monoxide levels a
10、re reaching dangerous concentrations.4.2 Reagent Tube IndicatorSeveral types of reagent tube indicators are available for measuring carbon monoxide, carbondioxide, and fuel gases. Reagent tubes capable of responding to concentrations of 0 to 100 ppm, 0 to 1000 ppm, and 0 to 1 %carbon monoxide in air
11、 are recommended.4.3 Ventilation EquipmentA fan or similar device should be available to allow flushing the air space around equipmentbetween tests.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E58 on Forensic Engineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.05 on Indust
12、rial Processes.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Aug. 1, 2014. Published November 2012September 2014. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20042012as E2292 04.E2292 04 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/E2292-04R12.10.1520/E2292-14.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended
13、 only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current v
14、ersionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.4 All equipment shall be calibrated at least annually.5. Safety5.1 Testing equipment suspected of c
15、ausing carbon monoxide poisoning can yield definitive results that cannot be obtained anyother way. Testing equipment that may have injured individuals; however, is a potentially dangerous undertaking, in that theinvestigator runs the risk of becoming exposed to carbon monoxide being produced by imp
16、roperly functioning equipment.5.2 Safe testing procedures are of the utmost importance. Before any testing is planned, a safety officer shall be identified. Thesafety officers responsibilities shall be to protect the safety and health of the investigator and any individuals who may be affectedby the
17、 testing.5.3 Stable communications should be assured between the site and emergency service providers.5.4 Until its safe operation has been verified, only one person at a time should be allowed into any space where a piece ofequipment is being tested for carbon monoxide output. That person should re
18、main within sight of the safety officer or anotherindividual capable of rescuing that individual from the space.5.5 All testing shall be discussed in detail with all individuals involved in the testing, prior to the beginning of any test.6. Procedure6.1 Scene SecurityThe first priority is to evacuat
19、e the scene and prevent further injuries or loss of life.6.1.1 After evacuation, the scene should be secured, and if possible, a field measurement of carbon monoxide levels in variouslocations around the scene should be taken.6.1.2 The fuel supply to the scene should be turned off. This may require
20、the switching off of internal combustion engines, orthe closing of valves for gaseous or liquid fuels.6.2 Documentary InformationCollect information related to the poisoning event, including emergency phone line recordings,and medical records, particularly those that describe the blood gas analysis
21、of the victims. Obtain statements as early as feasiblefrom all individuals associated with the incident.6.3 Identify all fuel-burning equipment in the site.6.3.1 Apartial list of equipment that might be a potential source of carbon monoxide includes gas appliances (furnaces, ranges,ovens, water heat
22、ers, and clothes dryers), fireplaces, wood and coal stoves, space heaters, charcoal grills, camp stoves, automobiles,gas-powered lawnmowers, and gas powered tools.6.4 Once all of the fuel-burning equipment has been identified, establish and document the condition of the valves and/orswitches on each
23、 piece of equipment at the time of the incident.6.5 Determine the source of fuel, air, and ventilation of each piece of equipment.6.5.1 Determine whether any of the equipment is located in an enclosure that can be defined as a “confined space.”6.5.1.1 Confined spaces are defined in NFPA 54 as, “a sp
24、ace whose volume is less than fifty cubic feet per 1000 btu per hour(4.8 m3 per kW) of the aggregate input of all appliances installed in that space.”6.5.2 Determine whether the equipment has an adequate supply of air for combustion and ventilation as specified in NFPA 54,chapter 5.6.5.3 Determine w
25、hether the equipment, if venting is required, is vented to safely carry the products of combustion outside, asrequired by NFPA 54, chapter 7.6.5.4 Determine whether any temporary obstructions of the equipment ventilation, including obstructions of the return air ventshave been moved.6.6 Planning the
26、 TestDevelop a plan for safely testing the potential sources of carbon monoxide in the scene. In most cases,this planning will involve preparation of a written protocol for tests to be carried out. Refer to Practice E678 in planning any tests.6.6.1 This plan will typically include the turning on of
27、equipment and observing its performance using the carbon monoxidemonitoring devices described in Section 5.6.6.2 Identify the individuals who will be conducting the tests, including the safety officer.6.6.3 Identify any individuals who may have an interest in the outcome of the testing.6.6.3.1 Such
28、individuals may include the property owner, representatives of the victim(s), equipment manufacturers, equipmentservice personnel, law enforcement officers, code enforcement officers, and the insurance carrier for any of the parties listed above.6.7 Notify individuals who have been identified as pos
29、sibly having an interest in the testing of the time that the tests are goingto take place. For additional guidance on notification, see Practice E860.6.7.1 Keep a record of individuals who have been notified of the proposed testing.6.7.2 Notification of other interested parties may not be necessary
30、if the investigation is going to be limited to observations thatdo not change the condition of any of the structures or equipment.6.8 Operate each piece of equipment that has been identified as a potential source of carbon monoxide in the manner in whichit is designed to be operated, and, using the
31、equipment described in Section 5, measure the carbon monoxide output, if any.E2292 1426.8.1 Attempt to reconstruct temporary obstructions to the return air or combustion air vents or to the flues or chimneys.6.8.2 If abnormal operation of any piece of equipment is suspected, operate that equipment i
32、n the abnormal fashion, if possible,changing only one operating parameter at a time, and record the results.6.8.3 Operate equipment or appliances in combination, only if the combination of equipment is suspected of contributing to thecause of the carbon monoxide buildup.7. Collection of Physical Evi
33、dence7.1 Once all parties to the investigation are satisfied that sufficient testing has been accomplished, items of physical evidencepertinent to the conclusions may be secured.7.2 Label according to Practice E1859.7.3 Frequently, the device that is identified as having produced the carbon monoxide
34、 can be restored to a safe operatingcondition, and left in place after the condition that led to the poisoning event has been sufficiently documented.8. Report8.1 The investigative report should include the following information.8.1.1 Location, date and time of the incident.8.1.2 Extent of the victi
35、ms injuries, including carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level in the victims blood.8.1.3 Identification of the source of the carbon monoxide.8.1.4 Identification of conditions that caused the source of the carbon monoxide to produce the carbon monoxide.8.1.5 Identification of a path of travel from the carbo
36、n monoxide producing device to the victim.8.1.6 A description of corrective actions needed to render the equipment safe.8.1.7 For additional guidance on reporting the incident, refer to Practice E1020.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in conne
37、ction with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsi
38、ble technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful con
39、sideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100
40、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM web
41、site(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ Scope1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of information and physical evidence related to incidents
42、involving thepoisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.1.2 This guide is not intended to address the medical effects of carbon monoxide exposure.1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, orcontamination in closed air systems o
43、r confined spaces. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related tofire can be found in NFPA 921.1.4 This guide is not intended for an investigation where equipment is removed from the incident site and conducted in a morecontrolled setting.1.5 This guide is intended to be used
44、 by a wide range of investigators, including first responders, appliance technicians andengineers.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
45、 practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation2 For referencedASTM standards.standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Servi
46、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.E2292 143E2713 Guide to Forensic Engineering2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas CodeNFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations2.3 UL Standa
47、rds:4UL 2034 Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this guideis followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and
48、 corrective action may be identified toprevent future incidents.3.2 When attempting to identify the source of carbon monoxide, consider that it is produced at some level in virtually everyfuel-burning engine, boiler, furnace, burner, stove or fire. All carbon-based fuels (for example, gasoline, dies
49、el fuel, natural gas,propane, coal, wood, paper products, plastics) produce carbon monoxide as a result of incomplete combustion. When there isinsufficient air for complete combustion, carbon monoxide can become a major product of combustion. In properly-operatingcombustion equipment, the level of carbon monoxide produced may be as little as a hundred parts per million or less (that is, 0.01%). However, combustion with insufficient air can produce carbon monoxide concentrations of 10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm (thatis, 1 to 10 %) or higher.3.3 Be awa
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