1、Designation: E 2339 06Standard Practice forDigital Imaging and Communication in NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2339; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice facilitates the interoperability of NDEimaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying theimag
3、e data file format in commonly accepted terms. Thispractice represents a harmonization of NDE imaging systems,or modalities, with the NEMA Standards Publication titledDigital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM,see http:/medical.nema.org), an international standard forimage data acquisitio
4、n, review, storage and archival. In addi-tion, this practice will provide a standard set of industrial NDEspecific information object definitions, which travel beyond thescope of standard DICOM modalities. The goal of this practiceis to provide a standard by which NDE image/signal data maybe display
5、ed on by any system conforming to the ASTMDICONDE format, regardless of which NDE modality wasused to acquire the data.1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issuesthat arise when archiving or analyzing the data from a varietyof NDE techniques, each using proprietary data acquisitionsy
6、stems. As data acquisition modalities evolve, data acquiredin the past must remain decipherable. This practice proposes animage data file format in such a way that all the techniqueparameters, along with the image file, are preserved, regardlessof changes in NDE technology. This practice will also p
7、ermitthe viewing of a variety of image types (CT, CR, Ultrasonic,Infrared and Eddy Current) on a single workstation, maintain-ing all of the pertinent technique parameters along with theimage file. This practice addresses the exchange of digitalinformation between NDE imaging equipment.1.3 This prac
8、tice does not specify:1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an imple-mentations conformance to the standard.1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of thestandard on a device claiming conformance.1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be ex-pected from a system imple
9、mented by integrating a group ofdevices each claiming DICONDE or DICOM conformance.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 Other Documentation:NEMA Standards Publication PS3.1, Version 3: DigitalImaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)ACR
10、-NEMA 3001998 Digital Imaging and Communica-tion in Medicine3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Nondestructive evaluation terms used in this practicecan be found in Terminology E 1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 AEapplication entity3.2.2 attributea property of an informa
11、tion object. Anattribute has a name and a value, which are independent of anyencoding scheme.3.2.3 attribute tag a unique identifier for an attribute ofan information object composed of an ordered pair (gggg,eeee) where gggg represents the group number and eeeerepresents the data element.3.2.4 confo
12、rmance statementa formal statement associ-ated with a specific implementation of the standard, specifyingthe service class, information objects, and communicationsprotocols supported by the implementations.3.2.5 data dictionarya registry of data elements, whichassigns a unique tag, a name, value cha
13、racteristics, andsemantics to each data element.3.2.6 data elementa unit of information as defined by asingle entry in the data dictionary. An encoded IOD attributethat is composed of, at a minimum, three fields: a data elementtag,avalue length, and a value field.1This practice is under the jurisdic
14、tion of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.11 on DigitalImaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE).Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition ap
15、proved in 2004 as E 2339 - 04.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.7 data element taga unique identifier for a dataelement composed of an ordered pair of numbers (a groupnumber followed by an element number).3.2.8 data
16、 element typeused to specify whether an at-tribute of an IOD is mandatory, mandatory only under certainconditions, or optional.3.2.9 element numberthe second number in the orderedpair of numbers that make up a data element tag.3.2.10 group numberthe first number in the ordered pairof numbers that ma
17、kes up a data element tag.3.2.11 information object definition (IOD)a data abstrac-tion of a class of similar real-world objects which defines thenature and attributes relevant to the class of real-world objectrepresented.3.2.12 modulea set of attributes with an InformationObject Definition.3.2.13 p
18、rivate data elementadditional data element, de-fined by an implementer, to communicate information that isnot contained in standard data elements. Private data elementshave odd group numbers.3.2.14 valuea component of a value field.Avalue fieldmay consist of one or more of these components.3.2.15 va
19、lue fieldthe field within a data element thatcontains the value (s) of that data element.3.2.16 value lengththe field within a data element thatcontains the length of the value field of the data element.3.2.17 value multiplicity (VM)specifies the number ofvalues contained in the value field of a dat
20、a element.3.2.18 value representation (VR)specifies the data typeand format of the value (s) contained in the value field of a dataelement. A complete list of all the VRs can be found in 6.2 ofPart 5 of the DICOM standard.3.2.19 DICONDE version identifierunique string placedin the DICONDE object to
21、identify the version of DICONDEused to create the object.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The basic concept of using DICONDE (or DICOM) isthe usage of standardized data tag identifiers. This means allparticipants are using database entries representing the sameinformation and have a common understanding of
22、 communi-cation protocols for mutual use. For standardization of datatransfer, the conformance statement, a mutually agreed upondocument provides the specific database tag identifiers forevery part of the NDE data stream as well as the communica-tions protocols.4.2 The DICONDE practice will consist
23、of descriptions ofthe object definitions that are specific to NDE (that is, noequivalent counterpart in medicine) and provide standarddatabase tag identifiers for use with the DICOM databasealready in existence. The use of this practice is based upon andto be used in conjunction with the medical DIC
24、OM standard.This practice, in conjunction with the DICOM standard, willset forth the requirements for the transfer and display of NDEimage data from any NDE image modalities equipment.5. Significance and Use5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the transfer of NDEdata between systems will use this
25、standard. This practice willdefine a set of NDE information object definitions that alongwith the DICOM standard will provide a standard means toorganize image data. Once conformance statements have beengenerated, the NDE image data may be displayed on anyimaging/analysis device that conforms to the
26、 standard. Thisprocess of developing conformance statements with both theNDE specific object definitions and the DICOM accepteddefinitions, will provide a means to automatically and trans-parently communicate between compliant equipment withoutloss of information.NOTE 1Knowledge and understanding of
27、 the existing DICOM stan-dard will be required to generate conformance statements and therebyfacilitate the data transfer.6. Background: DICOM (Digital ImagingCommunication for Medicine)6.1 History6.1.1 With the introduction of computed tomography (CT)and other digital diagnostic imaging modalities
28、in the 1970s,and the increasing use of computers in clinical applications, theAmerican College of Radiology (ACR) and the NationalElectrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) recognized theemerging need for a standard method for transferring imagesand associated information between devices manufactur
29、ed byvarious vendors. These devices produce a variety of digitalimage formats.6.1.2 The American College of Radiology (ACR) and theNational Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)formed a joint committee in 1983 to develop a standard to:6.1.2.1 promote communication of digital image informa-tion
30、, regardless of device manufacturer;6.1.2.2 facilitate the development and expansion of picturearchiving and communication systems (PACS) that can alsointerface with other systems of hospital information;6.1.2.3 allow the creation of diagnostic information databases that can be interrogated by a wid
31、e variety of devicesdistributed geographically.6.1.3 ACR-NEMA Standards Publication No. 300-1985,published in 1985 was designated version 1.0. The Standardwas followed by two revisions, No. 1 dated October 1986 andNo. 2 dated January 1988.6.1.4 ACR-NEMA Standards Publication No. 300-1988,published i
32、n 1988 was designated version 2.0. It includedversion 1.0, the published revisions, and additional revisions. Italso included new material to provide command support fordisplay devices, to introduce a new hierarchy scheme toidentify an image, and to add data elements for increasedspecificity when de
33、scribing an image.6.1.5 These standards publications specified a hardwareinterface, a minimum set of software commands, and aconsistent set of data formats.6.2 The DICOM Standard6.2.1 DICOM, Digital Imaging and Communications inMedicine Version 3.0 embodies a number of major enhance-ments to previou
34、s versions of the standard:6.2.1.1 It is applicable to a networked environment. Theprevious versions were applicable in a point-to-point environ-ment only; for operation in a networked environment aE2339062Network Interface Unit (NIU) was required. DICOM Version3.0 supports operation in a networked
35、environment usingstandard networking protocols such as OSI and TCP/IP.6.2.1.2 It specifies how devices claiming conformance tothe standard react to commands and data being exchanged.Previous versions were confined to the transfer of data, butDICOM Version 3.0 specifies, through the concept of servic
36、eclasses, the semantics of commands and associated data.6.2.1.3 It specifies levels of conformance. Previous versionsspecified a minimum level of conformance. DICOM Version3.0 explicitly describes how an implementer must structure aconformance claim to select specific options.6.2.1.4 It is structure
37、d as a multi-part document. Thisfacilitates evolution of the Standard in a rapidly evolvingenvironment by simplifying the addition of new features. ISOdirectives which define how to structure multi-part documentshave been followed in the construction of the DICOM Stan-dard.6.2.1.5 It introduces expl
38、icit Information Objects not onlyfor images and graphics but also for studies, reports, and soforth.6.2.1.6 It specifies an established technique for uniquelyidentifying any information object. This facilitates unambigu-ous definitions of relationships between Information Objects asthey are acted up
39、on across the network.6.2.2 DICOM was developed in liaison with ACR (theAmerican College of Radiology) and NEMA (the NationalElectrical Manufacturers Association) and other Standard Or-ganizations including CEN TC251 in Europe and JIRA inJapan, with review also by other organizations including IEEE,
40、HL7 andANSI in the USA. The DICOM Standard is structuredas a multi-part document.6.2.3 The DICOM standard consists of the following parts:6.2.3.1 Part 1Introduction and Overview6.2.3.2 Part 2Conformance: The principles that imple-mentations claiming conformance to the standard shall follow,specifica
41、lly, the requirements as defined in the DICOM stan-dard. The conformance requirement specifies the generalrequirements, which must be met by any implementationclaiming conformance. The conformance claim defines thestructure of a conformance claim and specifies the information,which must be present i
42、n a conformance claim. These arefurther referenced in the conformance sections of each of theNDE modality practices.6.2.3.3 Part 3Information Object Definitions6.2.3.4 Part 4Service Class Specifications: The character-istics shared by all service classes, and how a conformanceclaim to an individual
43、service class is structured is defined.6.2.3.5 Part 5Data Structure and Semantics: The encod-ing rules necessary to construct a Data Stream to be conveyedin a message are addressed.6.2.3.6 Part 6Data Dictionary: The centralized registry,which defines the collection of all data elements available tor
44、epresent information, is called the data dictionary.6.2.3.7 Part 7Message Exchange: The message exchangespecifies the rules to establish and terminate associationsprovided by the communications support; the rules that governthe exchange of command requests and responses; and theencoding rules necess
45、ary to construct command streams andmessages.6.2.3.8 Part 8Network Communication Support for Mes-sage Exchange: The communication services and the upperlayer protocols necessary to support, in a networked environ-ment, the application message exchange are specified.6.2.3.9 Part 9Point-to-Point Commu
46、nication Support forMessage Exchange: The service and protocols used for point-to-point communications (the physical interface and signalingprotocols) are specified. The OSI-like data link and session/transport/network protocols and the services of the protocolstack to be used on this physical inter
47、face are defined.6.2.4 The Parts are related but independent documents.Their development level and approval status may differ.7. DICONDE Introduction7.1 This practice provides an introduction and overview ofDICONDE standard, the industrial NDE extension of themedical community DICOM standard publish
48、ed by NEMA.7.1.1 General Structure of DICONDE7.1.1.1 DICONDE, utilizing the existing DICOM databaseof object definitions, provides both replacement and additionalmodule definitions that represent a conversion between themedical community language present in DICOM, to theterminology appropriate for N
49、DE. An Image InformationObject Definition exists for each image that is created by anNDE imaging device. For this practice, only the common NDEImage Information Object Definition Modules that differ fromthe medical system will be discussed. For each specific NDEmodality, refer to the practice that describes that specifictechnique.7.1.1.2 Table 1 is a summary of the modules that havemodified or additional attributes for use with NDE data. Eachof the specific NDE modalities IODs will be covered in theirown standards. This practice will describe only the co
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