1、Designation: E2346 09Standard Guide forSensory Evaluation of Household Hard Surface-CleaningProducts with Emphasis on Spray Triggers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2346; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide presents guidelines specific to the sensoryevaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners
3、. It covers theprocedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent tomeasure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product:package, application, performance, and after-use properties,with focus on visual, tactile, fragrance, performance, andpackage ergonomics. It is applicable for u
4、se with assessors,highly trained assessors, and consumers.1.2 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces isintended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not onpanel selection, training, or development.1.3 The reader should be aware that good sensory practicesare required when prepar
5、ing the surfaces, and in developingand training the assessors.1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the mostappropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical toolto address that experimental design.1.5 Since this guides intended use is to provide direction onthe presentation
6、and measurement of the different aspects ofspray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accu-rately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spraytrigger hard surface cleaners may be used.1.6 This guide provides suggested procedures and is notmeant to exclude alternate procedures t
7、hat may be effectivelyused to provide the same results.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicabilit
8、y of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2690 Test Method for Isophthalic Acid in Alkyd andPolyester Resins3D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance inHome LaunderingD5343 Guide for Evaluating Cleaning Performance of Ce-ramic Tile CleanersE253
9、 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Ma-terials and Products2.2 ISO Documents:4ISO 4121 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyEvaluation ofFood Products by Methods Using Scales and CategoriesISO 5492 Sensory AnalysisVocabularyISO 5496 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyInitiation andTraining of Assessors in
10、the Detection and Recognition ofOdorsISO 6658 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyGeneralGuidanceISO 8586-1 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyGeneralGuidance for Choosing, Training and Monitoring of Se-lected AssessorsISO 11035 Sensory AnalysisMethodology Identifica-tion of Descriptors for Establishing a Sensory Pr
11、ofile3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 nonporous surfacerefers to a solid material thatcannot be permeated by liquids.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides direction on how to assess spraytrigger hard surface cleaners. This guide describes sample1This guide
12、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on SensoryEvaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on PersonalCare and Household Evaluation.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
13、E2346 04. DOI:10.1520/E2346-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved
14、version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.preparation a
15、nd evaluation approaches to various aspects of aspray trigger hard surface cleaner: visual, tactile, fragrance,performance, and package ergonomics.5. Significance and Use5.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used toqualitatively and quantitatively describe the sensory character-istics and pe
16、rformance of trigger hard surface householdcleaning products for nonporous surfaces.5.2 The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and maybe adaptable for consumer acceptance research.5.3 This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation ofpackage, application, performance, after-use and fra
17、granceaspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the testobjectives, all or some of these measures may be used.5.4 This guide, as defined by ASTM, is designed for use forproduct research guidance in product formulation, new productdevelopment, and quality control issues.5.5 This guide is a compe
18、ndium of information or series ofoptions that does not recommend a specific course of action.This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has notbeen subjected to validation testing.5.6 This guide is for use by individuals who familiarizethemselves with these procedures and who have pr
19、eviousexperience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that theindividuals have some experience with developing and traininga descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensoryprofessional who has.5.7 This guide might involve hazardous materials. Thisguide does not claim to address all
20、 of the safety problemsassociated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisguide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices andto determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.6. Equipment6.1 The following equipment may be used during thepreparation or evaluatio
21、n process:6.1.1 Lights for a flat horizontal surface require overheadlighting that simulates North Daylight (that is, Mac BethLighting). See ASTM MNL 60 (1).6.1.2 Lights for a vertical surface may use the Mac Bethportable light box.6.1.3 Surfaces identified as nonporous are: glass, ceramic,sheet acr
22、ylicalso known as Formicat, porcelain, enamel,painted metal, stainless steel, and chrome.6.1.4 Spangler soil (refer to Guide D4265 for soil formula).6.1.5 Metered sprayer.6.1.6 Deionized water.6.1.7 Reagent grade Acetone.6.1.8 Cheesecloth.6.1.9 Vertical rack for drying soiled surfaces.6.1.10 Lint fr
23、ee paper towels or absorbent cotton cloths.7. Procedure7.1 These procedures are designed for the preparation ofnonporous surfaces to be evaluated by trained assessors orconsumers for acceptance in a Central Location Test (CLT)environment. Not all portions of these procedures may need tobe conducted
24、and will depend on the objective and scope of thesensory test(s). Depending on the products end-use, select thesoils and surfaces on which this product should be evaluated. Itis suggested consideration be given to testing on multiplesurfaces or multiple soils, or both, to satisfy the objective of th
25、etest.7.2 Preparation of Surface for TestingSelect the nonpo-rous surface(s) that are appropriate for the particular hardsurface cleaner to be evaluated. The test surfaces selectedshould be thoroughly cleaned before and between uses. Thetest surface has to be evaluated prior to use to determine that
26、 itis free of manufacturer defects. This will help minimize anyvariability from surface to surface. The surface should becleaned sequentially as follows:7.2.1 Wash in warm water with unscented hand dish wash-ing liquid.7.2.2 Rinse with deionized water.7.2.3 Wipe surface dry of any residual water wit
27、h cheese-cloth. Do not allow water droplets to dry on surface.7.2.4 Rinse surface with acetone (reagent grade).7.2.5 Wipe surface dry of any residual acetone with cheese-cloth, especially on surface edge.7.2.6 Exposing the cleaned surfaces to a live stream of airshould be used to assess the effectiv
28、eness of the surfacecleaning process. Those areas not thoroughly clean will take ona white, highly reflective appearance. In such a case, the entiresurface will be re-cleaned, repeating the above steps. Soiling ofthe test surface should not occur until the test surface has beenthoroughly cleaned.7.2
29、.7 After cleaning, place the clean surfaces on a verticalrack. Be sure the vertical rack does not allow the surfaces totouch each other. Take caution to avoid recontaminating theclean surface.7.3 Application of SoilsSelect soils suitable for the hardsurface cleaner of interest. Industry standard soi
30、ls are availablethroughASTM and CSMA. The selected soil should be appliedin a reproducible, uniform, and standard manner. To illustratethe specific nature of the application process, the followinginstruction steps should be used. The example given is whenthe Spangler soil is applied to a glass surfa
31、ce, but is applicablefor other soils and surfaces.7.3.1 The Spangler soils are applied using a metered sprayonto the clean surface.7.3.2 Prime the sprayer before use.7.3.3 Apply a suggested 5.5 6 1.0 g of soil to a 12 by 12 in.glass plate. Uniform application of soil is accomplished byspraying two p
32、lates, side-by-side in the fume hood, at adistance of 8 in., using four horizontal sweeping sprays, thentwo vertical sweeping sprays for a one-coat application.7.3.4 Repeat this process for a total of three coats to achievethe desired soil weight. To ensure a consistent weight of soilper plate, it i
33、s best to spray soil onto tare glass plates and checkthe final weight after complete solvent evaporation. Dependingon the soiling compound, the amount of soil applied may varyfrom the Spangler soil protocol of three coats.7.3.5 All plates used in the testing array should be soiled atthe same time. I
34、t is suggested that plates soiled on the same daybe used as a group.E2346 0927.3.6 WarningThe soiling process requires skill andjudgment. Consideration should be given to the soil loadingdesired for the test objective (light, regular or heavy soil load).The soil load selected should be realistic and
35、 applicable inmeeting the purpose and objective of the test. Practice isencouraged before preparing surfaces for the actual test.7.4 Aging of the SoilsSoils should be aged for 24 h priorto use to ensure that the soil has cured on the hard surface andhas achieved the desired soil tenacity. An excepti
36、on to this iswhen using established soil protocol where a different agingtime is provided. An example is the aging process for Spanglersoil: The soiled surface must be aged at 50C for 2 h, followedby cooling to ambient temperature, prior to application of thespray cleaner.7.5 Cleaning of the Surface
37、sIt is recommended that thetrigger spray product being evaluated be used in accordancewith the product use instructions and with the marketed trigger.7.5.1 If the surface is one that is cleaned in a verticalposition, then the product usage and assessment must be madein the vertical position. For exa
38、mple, glass is usually seen in avertical position (windows). Therefore, it is cleaned verticallyand the area behind the glass needs to have a neutral backdropto prevent any distraction from assessing the product perfor-mance on this surface. If the surface is one that is cleaned in ahorizontal posit
39、ion, then the product usage and assessmentneeds to be made in the horizontal position. For example, sheetacrylic is usually seen in a horizontal position (counter tops).For assessing horizontal surfaces, the Mac Beth Lighting needsto be positioned such that shadows do not fall across thesurface bein
40、g evaluated.7.5.2 The test objective will determine who applies theproduct. For example, if application is the area being evalu-ated, then the assessors or trained assessors apply the product.If visual is the area being assessed, the sensory professionalapplies the trigger products and cleans the su
41、rface. This is toensure consistency across the treated surfaces.7.5.3 Assessors and trained assessors wipe the surface witha lint free paper towel or an absorbent cotton cloth. Throughorientations prior to evaluations trained assessors will haveestablished the number of wipes, the direction of wipes
42、, and theamount of pressure that they need to apply for an applicationassessment.7.6 Trained Assessors:7.6.1 Trained descriptive panels should be used when thereis the desire to obtain a detailed qualitative and quantitativeproduct characterization and to determine the differencesbetween products on
43、 sensory product attributes.7.6.2 For general information on panel selection criteria andtraining, consult ASTM Manual 13 (2), ASTM Manual 26 (3),and ASTM STP 758 (4). Additional assessor considerationsshould be taken into account and screened out depending uponthe test requirements. Some considerat
44、ions are color blindness,olfactory acuity or lack of olfactory sensitivity, allergies, andmedical conditions like pregnancy, breast feeding or chronicdisease of the assessor.7.7 Consumers:7.7.1 Consumer panels should be used when affective andpreference information is needed.7.7.2 Consumers should b
45、e recruited among the targetpopulation. For example, when assessing a glass cleaner, theconsumer should be a user of commercially available glasscleaner and not one who makes their own glass cleaner (suchas vinegar and water, or soap and water). However, the testobjective will provide direction to i
46、dentify the appropriateconsumer population.7.7.3 Recruiting of qualified consumers can be done inseveral ways; for example, mall intercept approach, pre-recruitover the phone, or use of a database.7.8 Evaluation ProcedureThe spray cleaner test productcan be evaluated at various stages of the product
47、 usage:pre-use, application, in-use, and residual. See ASTM STP 433(5) to apply basic sensory principles in the design of thesensory evaluation procedure (blind coding, sample presenta-tion ordering, test booths to use, and so forth).7.8.1 The evaluation procedure selected should be designedto meet
48、the objective of the test.7.8.2 The hard surface should be presented to the assessors,trained assessors, or consumers in the manner in which thatsurface is used. For example, most glass surfaces, such aswindows and mirrors found in the home, are in a verticalposition. Counter tops are horizontal and
49、 are made from sheetacrylic, also known as Formicat.7.8.3 Attributes for product evaluation can be identifiedthrough trained assessors using descriptive procedures. Inaddition, attributes can also be identified from the specific testobjective or using historical information on how the productperforms. These attributes can be used for trained panelevaluations or can be adapted to be consumer friendly forconsumer research. Examples of attributes to be measured canbe found in Tables 1-5.TABLE 1 Examples of Attributes to be MeasuredStage of Measurement: PackageATra
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