1、Designation: E 2375 08Standard Practice forUltrasonic Testing of Wrought Products1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2375; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThis practice establishes the minimum re-quirements for ultrasonic examination of wrought products.NOTE 1This standard was adopted to re
3、place MIL-STD-2154, 30Sept. 1982. This standard is intended to be used for the same applicationsas the document which it replaced. Users should carefully review itsrequirements when considering its use for new, or different applications,or both.1.2 ApplicationThis practice is applicable for examina-
4、tion of materials such as, wrought metals and wrought metalproducts.1.2.1 Wrought Aluminum Alloy ProductsExaminationshall be in accordance with Practice B 594.1.3 Acceptance ClassWhen examination is performed inaccordance with this practice, engineering drawings, specifi-cations, or other applicable
5、 documents shall indicate theacceptance criteria. Five ultrasonic acceptance classes aredefined in Table 1. One or more of these classes may be usedto establish the acceptance criteria or additional or alternatecriteria may be specified.1.4 Order of PrecedenceContractual requirements andauthorized d
6、irection from the cognizant engineering organiza-tion may add to or modify the requirements of this practice.Otherwise, in the event of conflict between the text of thispractice and the references cited herein, the text of this practicetakes precedence. Nothing in this practice, however, super-sedes
7、 applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp-tion has been obtained.1.5 Measurement ValuesThe values stated in inch-poundsare to be regarded as standard. The metric equivalents are inbrackets.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
8、 its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein:2
9、.2 ASTM Standards:3B 107/B 107M Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Ex-truded Bars, Rods, Profiles, Tubes, and WireB 221 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloyExtruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and TubesB 241/B 241M Specification forAluminum andAluminum-Alloy Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extrud
10、ed TubeB 594 Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought Products for Aerospace ApplicationsE 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking AluminumAlloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlocksE 164 Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination ofWeld-mentsE 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Exami
11、nation of Metal Pipeand TubingE 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE 428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Otherthan Aluminum Reference, Blocks Used in Ultras
12、onicExaminationE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE 1158 Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication ofReference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultra-sonic Examination of Metal and Metal Al
13、loy ProductionMaterialE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008
14、. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2375 - 04.2When accepted by DoD this standard is expected to replace MIL-STD-2154.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
15、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Pract
16、ice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification andCertification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel42.4 Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standards:AMS 4928 TitaniumAlloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings6Al-4V Anneal
17、ed5AMS 6409 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8Ni, 0.25 Mo, (0.38 - 0.45 C), (SAE 4340) Special AircraftSteel Cleanliness, Normalized and Tempered5AMS 6415 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340)5AMS 6484 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 08
18、0 Cr, 1.8Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340) Normalized andTempered52.5 Aerospace Industries Association Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel62.6 Federal Specifications:QQ-A-225/6 Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire, Rolled,Drawn, or Cold Finished, 20246Q
19、Q-A-225/9 Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, Wire, and SpecialShapes, Rolled, Drawn, or Cold Finished, 707562.7 Military Standards:7NOTE 2For DoD contracts, unless otherwise specified, the issues ofthe documents which are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of theDoDISS (Department of Defense Index of S
20、pecifications Standards) citedin the solicitation.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions relating to ultrasonic examina-tion, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to theterms used in this standard.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 back surface resolutionthe minimu
21、m distance be-tween the back surface and a discontinuity of known size thatwill result in a clear differentiation of the two signals asindicated by the trace recovering to 20 % or less of disconti-nuity or back surface amplitude (whichever is lower) betweenthe indications at the sensitivity required
22、 for the specifiedexamination.3.2.2 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,government agency, or other authority responsible for thedesign, or end use, of the system or component for whichultrasonic examination is required. This, in addition to designpersonnel, may include personnel from engi
23、neering, materialand process engineering, stress analysis, NDT or qualitygroups and others, as appropriate.4Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Comm
24、onwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.6Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.7Copies of specifications, standards, drawings and publications required bymanufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtainedfrom the con
25、tracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.TABLE 1 Ultrasonic ClassesClassSingle DiscontinuityResponseA,BMultipleCDiscontinuitiesLinearDDiscontinuityLength and ResponseLoss of BackReflection PercentE,FNoiseG,HAAAH 164 in. 0.397 mmor 25 % of364 in. FB10 % of364 in.0.119 mm FB18 in. 3
26、.176 mm long and 10 % of364 in. 0.119 mm FB50 alarm levelAAH 364 in. 1.19 mmFB264 in.I0.794 mmFB12 in. 12. 7 mmlong264 in. response 0.794 mmFB50 alarm levelA564 in. 1.98 mmFB364 in. 1.191 mmFB1 in. 25.4 mmlong364 in. response 1.19 mmFB50 alarm levelB864 in. 3.18 mmFB564 1.98 mmFB1 in. 25.4 mmlong564
27、 in. response 1.98 mmFB50 alarm levelC864 in. 3.18 mm Not Applicable Not Applicable 50 alarm levelAAny discontinuity with a response greater than the response from a flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch (see footnoteB) at the estimated discontinuity depth and thediscontinuity size given is not accep
28、table.BSee Fig. 3, Fig. 4,orFig. 5 for dimensions of notches and holes when these are required for angle beam examination of tube walls and near-surface regions ofcylindrical parts and other products.CMultiple discontinuities with indications greater than the response from a reference flat-bottom ho
29、le or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the sizegiven (diameter) are not acceptable if the centers of any two of these discontinuities are less than one inch apart (not applicable to Class C).DAny discontinuity longer than the length given with indications equal to or greater
30、than the response given (flat-bottom hole or notch response) is not acceptable. Notapplicable to Class C).ELoss of back reflection by more than 50 %, when compared to non-defective material in the same or a similar part, is not acceptable.FFor longitudinal examination of material over 6-in. 152.4-mm
31、 thick in the short transverse direction, any loss of back reflection equal to or greater than 12 dB overan area 2 by 2 in. 50.8 by 50.8 mm is rejectable. (Noise level is not relevant to this back reflection evaluation.GNoise which exceeds the alarm level setting (see 7.4.10.7), is not acceptable, e
32、xcept for titanium. For titanium alloys, the alarm level may be set just above the noiselevel, but shall not exceed 70 % of the reference standard response.HWhen examining titanium, Class AA and Class AAA, no rejection shall be made on the basis of “noise” level, if within the limits specified in fo
33、otnoteG.IEvaluation may be done by setting up on a364 in. 1.19 mm hole and adding 7 dB of gain. (Also see Note 5 under Table 5.)E23750823.2.3 contract documentany document specified in thecontract, including the purchase order, specification, drawing,or other written material.3.2.4 displaythe displa
34、y on which ultrasonic data arepresented, including, but is not limited to, cathode ray tubes,liquid crystals, electro-luminescent phosphors, or plasmas.3.2.5 entry surface resolutionthe minimum distance be-tween the entry surface and a discontinuity of known size thatwill result in a clear different
35、iation of the two signals asindicated by the trace recovering to 20 % or less of thediscontinuity amplitude between the indications at the sensi-tivity required for the specified examination.3.2.6 full scale deflection (FSD)the maximum displayablesignal amplitude on the display device, or any signal
36、 reachingor exceeding the 100 % amplitude scale graduation.3.2.7 horizontal limitthe maximum readable length ofhorizontal position that is determined either by electrical or aphysical limit in the A-scan presentation of an ultrasonicexamination instrument.3.2.8 immersion ultrasonic examinationthe us
37、e of a watermedium to couple the search unit to the part surface. Thistechnique includes immersion in a tank of water, the use ofwater columns, bubblers, or similar device.3.2.9 primary reference responsethe maximized signalamplitude obtained from the applicable reference reflector thatproduces the
38、lowest amplitude signal.3.2.10 vertical linearity limit (upper and lower)values ofthe vertical amplitude at which a proportional relationship withthe input signal deviates from or exceeds a prescribed amount.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the examinationof wrought
39、 metals, forged, rolled, machined parts or compo-nents to an ultrasonic class most typically specified in thepurchase order or other contract document.5. Basis of Application5.1 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this practicethat may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganizati
40、on and the supplier, or specific direction from thecognizant engineering organization.6. General Requirements6.1 SpecifyingWhen ultrasonic examination is specifiedin accordance with this practice, the ultrasonic technique(immersion, contact, angle beam, straight beam, and so forth)and acceptance cri
41、teria should be specified. Suggested classesin Table 1 may be specified to establish acceptance criteria. Acontract document shall specify zones, when applicable, toindicate different quality level acceptance criteria based on thecriticality of each zone. When directions of maximum stressingare indi
42、cated on a contract document and configuration allows,ultrasonic examination shall be performed to locate disconti-nuities oriented perpendicular to the directions of maximumstressing.6.2 Personnel Qualification/CertificationPersonnel per-forming examinations to this practice shall be qualified inac
43、cordance with ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, NAS-410, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency asapplicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may beused when specified in the contract or purchase order.6.3 Agency EvaluationIf required by contract, evaluationof the agency performing
44、 examination shall be in accordancewith Practice E 543.6.4 Written ProcedureA detailed procedure (general pro-cedure, or part specific technique, or both) shall be prepared foreach part and type of examination to be performed. Theprocedure shall meet the requirements of this practice and shallprovid
45、e consistency for producing the results and quality levelrequired by this practice and other contractual documents. Theprocedure shall be approved by an individual qualified andcertified as a Level III in the practice of ultrasonic examination.The procedure shall be submitted upon request to the con
46、tract-ing agency for approval, or review, or both (see 8.1). Theprocedure shall cover all of the specific information required toset-up and perform the examination, such as the following:6.4.1 Name and address of examination facility,6.4.2 Number of the procedure including latest revisiondesignation
47、, if applicable, and date.6.4.3 Number of this standard including latest revisiondesignation letter, if applicable, and date.6.4.4 Examination method and acceptance criteria to beapplied.6.4.5 Examination zones, if applicable.6.4.6 Specific part number and configuration or productform for which the
48、procedure is being prepared.6.4.7 Manufacturer and model numbers of any instrumen-tation to be used in the examination. Any external recordingequipment, alarm equipment and electronic distance-amplitudecorrection equipment shall be included.6.4.8 Type and size of search unit. Include frequency, foca
49、llength, as applicable, manufacturer, sound beam angle anddescription of any wedges, shoes, saddles, stand-off attach-ments, bubblers, or squirters.6.4.9 Description of manipulating and scanning equipment.6.4.10 Couplant: type and manufacturer.6.4.11 Scanning plan which describes, for each portion ofthe examination, the surfaces from which the examination willbe performed, the ultrasonic modes, and directions of the soundbeam.6.4.12 Method of applying transfer (see 7.4.10.4), if ap-plied.6.4.13 Reference bl
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