1、Designation:E2394041Designation: E2394 11Standard Practice forMaintenance, Renovation, and Repair of Installed AsbestosCement Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEAsbestos warning editorially added in June 2006.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes work practices for
3、 asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required.This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestosfibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by
4、the regulatory, contractual, training, andsupervisory provisions of this practice.1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities, and those used in external infrastructure such aswater, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems.Also included is pavement made fr
5、om asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings,facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new
6、asbestos-cement products.1.4 The work practices described herein are notprimarily intended for use where the primary objective is the removal ofasbestos-cement products from the building or other location. The work practices are intended to be used in situations where smallamounts of asbestos-cement
7、 products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repairnecessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal ofasbestos-cement products
8、from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fibercontrol.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information on
9、ly and are not considered standard.1.61.7 WarningAsbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungsincluding asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this standard practice should be taken to avoid creating andbreathing airborn
10、e asbestos particles from materials known or suspected to contain asbestos. Comply with all applicable regulatoryrequirements addressing asbestos1.7This practice does not address safety hazards associated with working on asbestos-cement products such as falling throughroof panels or trench cave-ins.
11、 The use of power tools presents possible electrical hazards, particularly in wet environments. Theseand other safety hazards must be considered and controlled in compliance with the employers policies and applicable regulations.asbestos.1.8 This practice does not address safety hazards associated w
12、ith working on asbestos-cement products such as falling throughroof panels or trench cave-ins. The use of power tools presents possible electrical hazards, particularly in wet environments. Theseand other safety hazards must be considered and controlled in compliance with the employers policies and
13、applicable regulations.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior t
14、o use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved Oct 1, 2004. Published Oct
15、ober 2004. DOI: 10.1520/E2394-04E01.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2394 041. DOI:10.1520/E2394-11.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard
16、an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is
17、to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E631Terminology of Building Constructions ASTM Standards:2E1368 Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abatement Projects Practice for Visual I
18、nspection of Asbestos AbatementProjectsE2356 Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys2.2 Other Standards:Guidance Manual:Guidance Manual Asbestos Operations and Maintenance Work PracticesISO 7337Asbestos Reinforced Cement ProductsGuidelines for On-site Work Practices33. Terminology3.1 De
19、finitions:3.1.1 amended water, nwater to which a surfactant has been added to reduce surface tension.3.1.2 asbestos, nthe asbestiform varieties of serpentinite (chrysotile), riebeckite (crocidolite), cummingtonite-grunerite(amosite), anthophyllite, and actinolite-tremolite.3.1.3 asbestos-cement prod
20、ucts, nmaterials containing asbestos fiber added during the manufacturing process to cement andother binders or fillers. Pavement fillers, including pavement made from waste material produced by this manufacturing processis considered an asbestos-cement product. process.3.1.4 asbestos-containing mat
21、erials, nmaterial containing more than one percent asbestos.3.1.5 dust and debris, nvisible particles, fragments, or chunks of material, large enough to have settled in the work area byvirtue of their weight, that are presumed to have originated from asbestos-containing material.3.1.6 friable materi
22、al, nmaterial easily crumbled or powdered by moderate (hand) pressure. Alternate terms arepressure; alsoweakly-bound and low-density materials.3.1.7 non-friable material, nmaterial not easily crumbled or powdered by moderate (hand) pressure. Alternate termsarepressure; also strongly-bound and high-d
23、ensity materials.3.1.8 thickened substance, na liquid with sufficient density and viscosity to capture dust and debris released from a materialduring one of the operations described in Section 7.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This standard practice describes the following aspects of maintenance, renovati
24、on, and repair operations involving installedasbestos-cement products:4.1.1 The characteristics of asbestos-cement products commonly found in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure suchas utilities.4.1.2 Maintenance, renovation, and repair operations that can result in the release of air
25、borne asbestos fibers and the creationof asbestos-containing dust and debris.4.1.3 Methods for controlling the release of airborne asbestos fibers and minimizing the creation of asbestos-containing dust anddebris.4.1.4 Methods of determining and minimizing worker and community exposure to airborne a
26、sbestos fibers from these materialsand operations.4.2 This standard practice accepts the premise that removal of asbestos-cement products is always the preferred approachbecause it eliminates the potential for exposure to asbestos fibers, but also acknowledges that removal is not always feasible ort
27、he most advantageous course of action. In situations where asbestos-cement products cannot be removed and replaced withasbestos-free materials, this standard practice provides techniques for maintenance, renovation, and repair operations that are mostprotective of worker and community health.4.3If4.
28、3 While the provisions of this practice can apply to abatement projects whose purpose is removal of the asbestos-cementproducts, such work may involve the handling of large, heavy pieces of material with mechanized equipment that is not discussedin this practice.4.4 If the work can be done without d
29、isturbing any asbestos-cement products, that is the most desirable course of action toreduce the potential for exposure to asbestos fibers. Before commencing any work involving materials that are suspected ofcontaining asbestos, ask if there is reliable information available to confirm the presence
30、or absence of asbestos in the product. (See8.1.1 and 8.1.2.)4.4This standard 4.5 This practice includes supporting information and general precautions applicable to the materials and workpractices covered to enhance their understanding by the user. These sections are intended for users with a suffic
31、ient technicalbackground to benefit from the material contained therein, and who are probably in a supervisory, management, or other officialcapacity within their organization. The appendices contain detailed step-by-step instructions for selected procedures and materials,and it is expected that the
32、se instructions will either be provided to workers in writing or explained to them verbally by theirsupervisors.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the
33、 standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), 1090 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20005-4905.E2394 1124.5This standard 4.6 This practice does not reference require compliance with the regulations of any specific gov
34、ernmentalagency, although excerpts therefrom may beand references are included. It is expected that users of this standard practice willcomply with all applicable regulations in their country and other governmental jurisdiction thereof.5. Significance and Use5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos f
35、ibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, aschronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed a
36、sbestosis. Asbestosis ischaracterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a majorconcern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thinmembranes lining the abdomin
37、al cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPAhas classified asbestos as a GroupA, known human carcinogen” (1). The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to chrysotileasbestos poses increased risks for asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma i
38、n a dose-dependent manner. No threshold has beenidentified for carcinogenic risks” .45.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily fromcontaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point s
39、ources, or indoor air in housingand buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestoscontainers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).5.2Extensive litigation has occ
40、urred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting inconsiderable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos hazards has resulted in civil sanctions and criminalprosecution of violators.5.3Regarding the production and use of asbestos fiber,
41、 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports that “Production declinedfrom 5.09 million metric tons (Mt) in 1975 to about 1.93 Mt in 1999. Several Western European countries have banned some orall asbestos products.” The USGS report continues, however: “In other regions of the world, there is a contin
42、ued demand forinexpensive, durable construction materials. Consequently, markets remain strong for asbestos-cement (A/C) products, such asA/Cpanels for construction of buildings and A/C pipe for water-supply lines” (5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include as
43、bestosis, a lung scarring disease, andvarious forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arisedecades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers familymembers from d
44、ust on the workers clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3) . The World HealthOrganization also states “Construction materials are of particular concern for several reasons. The construction industry workforceis large and measures to control asbestos are difficult to
45、institute” .5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting inconsiderable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos hazards has resulted in civil sanctions and criminalprosecution of violators.5.3 Regard
46、ing the production and use of asbestos fiber:5.3.1 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports: 9World consumption was relatively steady between 2003 and 2007,averaging 2.11 million metric tons (Mt). The leading consuming countries in 2007 were, in decreasing order tonnage, China(30 %), India (15 %),
47、Russia (13 %), Kazakhstan and Brazil (5 % each), and Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine (4 % each). Theseeight countries accounted for about 80 % of world asbestos consumption in 2007. From 2003 through 2007, apparent consumptiondeclined in most countries. However, there were significant increases in
48、 apparent consumption in China, India, and Uzbekistanbetween 2003 and 2007. In general, world asbestos consumption is likely to decline as more countries institute bans on its use”(4).5.3.2 The World Health Organization also states: “Bearing in mind that there is no evidence for a threshold for the
49、carcinogeniceffect of asbestos and the increased cancer risks have been observed in populations exposed to very low levels, the most efficientway to eliminate asbestos-related diseases is to stop using all types of asbestos. Continued use of asbestos-cement in theconstruction industry is of particular concern, because the workforce is large, it is difficult to control exposure, and in-placematerials have the potential to deteriorate and pose a risk to those carrying out alterations, maintenance, and demolition” (2).5.4The Asbestos Institute reports that “Chrysotil
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