1、Designation: E2435 05 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Guide forApplication of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use orRedevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially revised in November 2010.INTRODUCTIONEnviro
3、nmental media, such as soil, groundwater, or air, are susceptible to impact by chemicalreleases associated with past property-use activities; or they may be affected by naturally occurringconditions. Previously developed properties may have been impacted by chemical releases associatedwith historica
4、l operations, chemical spill incidents, waste management practices, or other relatedsources of COCs. In some cases, such chemicals may remain in soil, groundwater, or otherenvironmental media; and, depending on their toxicity, concentration, location, and migrationpotential in the environment, they
5、can pose a potential health risk in the event of exposure of currentor future property users. Similarly, in the absence of a chemical release caused by human activity,COCs that are naturally present in soils, groundwater, soil vapors, or other environmental media canpose an unacceptable risk to huma
6、n health, depending on the chemical toxicity and exposure (e.g.,radon gas emanation into indoor air space of overlying buildings). Under certain conditions, in theabsence of exposure controls, human exposure to chemical-affected environmental media atresidential, commercial, or industrial properties
7、 could occur via various exposure pathways, includingbut not limited to (1) surface soil direct contact, (2) ambient or indoor air vapor exposure, or (3)affected groundwater impact on subsurface structures or utilities. Other pathways or exposuremechanisms may exist, and if so, should be addressed i
8、n a similar manner to those addressed in theguide.1. Scope1.1 This guide presents general considerations for applica-tion of engineering controls to facilitate continued use orredevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil,groundwater, or other environmental media, due either tochemic
9、al releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guideis not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present consider-ations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing po-tential human exposures associated with chemical-affectedenvironmental media.1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that s
10、hould be taken intoaccount when developing an engineering control in accordancewith this guide.1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers,civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrialparties, environmental consultants, and other persons con-cerned with residentia
11、l, commercial, or industrial developmentof real properties where chemical-affected environmental me-dia are present. The design process should involve the indi-viduals and firms working on various aspects of the specifica-tions for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site islocated on p
12、ublic property, then public participation should beconsidered during the design process.1.4 This guide is directed toward properties wherechemical-affected environmental media, associated with eitherhuman-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions,will remain in place and where active o
13、r passive engineeringcontrols will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that mayotherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associatedwith chemical-affected properties that may affect the propertydevelopment plan, both in the construction
14、 phase and duringthe proposed use of the property; defines performance stan-dards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, foreach exposure pathway, provides examples of engineeringcontrols that may be applied for new or existing construction.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Com
15、mittee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2435 05.
16、DOI:10.1520/E2435-05R10E01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.6 This guide will assist in identification of the optimalproperty development plan for a property with chemical-affected environmental media. Such a plan wi
17、ll address bothshort-term construction issues and long-term exposures ofproperty users.1.7 This guide does not address the broader range ofenvironmental concerns that are not directly affected by con-struction measures and engineering controls (e.g., protection ofwater resources or ecological recept
18、ors).1.8 Detailed specifications for site-specific application ofengineering controls are not addressed in this guide. The useris referred to other related ASTM standards and technicalguidelines regarding the implementation of the site evaluationand corrective action process, as well as the detailed
19、 design,installation, operation, and maintenance of these engineeringcontrols.1.9 The overall strategy for addressing unacceptable risksmay employ either remedial actions or activity and uselimitations, or both. Engineering controls are a subset ofremedial actions given that (1) remedial actions inv
20、olve cuttingoff the exposure pathway or reducing the concentration ofCOCs, or both and (2) that engineering controls only involvecutting off the exposure pathway. Engineering controls arebriefly described in Guide E2091, which describes a broadrange of options for managing risk. This guide covers im
21、ple-mentation of engineering controls in a detailed manner, therebyproviding a needed complement to the information provided inGuide E2091.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.11 This standard does not purport
22、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The pertinent ASTM sta
23、ndards for development ofengineering controls at chemical-affected properties are listedbelow. Additional standards and other non-ASTM referencesrelated to the development of engineering controls at chemical-affected properties are provided in Appendix X6.2.2 ASTM Standards:2C1193 Guide for Use of J
24、oint SealantsC1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-antsE1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Usedin Contact with Soil or Granular Fill under Concrete SlabsE1984 Guide for Brownfields Redevelopmen
25、tE2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineering ControlsE2121 Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems inExisting Low-Rise Residential Buildings3. Terminology3.1 active engineering controlactive engineer
26、ing controlsystems involve the input of energy (e.g., electrical, mechani-cal, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energysource) to remove, treat, or control chemical-affected environ-mental media. Examples of active engineering controls in-clude, but are not limited to, groundwater pu
27、mping, vaporextraction, in-situ chemical or biological treatment, activesub-slab ventilation systems.3.2 activity and use limitationslegal or physical restric-tions or limitations on the use of, or access to, a site or facilityso as to eliminate or minimize potential exposures to COCs.3.3 chemical(s
28、) of concern (COCs)the specific com-pounds and their breakdown products that are identified forevaluation in the Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) pro-cess or redevelopment process, based upon their current orhistorical use at the property; detected concentrations inenvironmental media; and mobili
29、ty, toxicity, and persistence inthe environment. COCs may include, but are not limited to,methane, petroleum hydrocarbons, radon, organic chemicals,inorganic chemicals, metals, etc.3.4 chemical releaseany spill or leak of COC(s) to anenvironmental medium.3.5 chemical-affected environmental mediumenv
30、ironmental medium which has been physically or chemi-cally altered or otherwise adversely impacted by one or moreCOCs in excess of background levels or other applicableregulatory standard or beneficial use criterion.3.6 engineering controlsphysical modifications to a siteor facility installed to red
31、uce or eliminate the potential forexposure to COCs.3.7 environmental mediumnaturally-occurring physicalmaterial in the environment, including but not limited toambient or indoor air, air in soil pore spaces, soils, groundwa-ter, or surface water.3.8 exposure pathwaythe course that a COC takes fromth
32、e source area(s) to a receptor.An exposure pathway describesthe mechanism by which an individual or population isexposed to a COC originating from a site. Each exposurepathway includes a source from which a release of a COCoccurs, an exposure route, and a point of exposure where ahuman receptor may
33、come in contact with the COC. If theexposure point is not at the source, then a transport medium orexposure medium, or both (for example, air or water), are alsoincluded in the exposure pathway.3.9 exposure routethe manner in which a COC comes incontact with a receptor (for example, ingestion, inhal
34、ation,dermal contact).3.10 passive engineering controlspassive engineeringcontrol systems either require no energy or chemical input ortake advantage of natural conditions (e.g., barometric pressurevariations) to remove or control, or both, chemical-affectedenvironmental media. Passive controls may
35、include thoseinvolving only physical barriers or flow controls. Examples of2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
36、 ASTM website.E2435 05 (2010)12TABLE 1 Design Considerations for Engineering ControlsACheckTask/Description ReferenceBWhenCompleteIf NotApplicableSITE CHARACTERIZATION1. Regulatory FrameworkRegulations: Identify federal, state, and local laws, rules, and ordinances applicable tosite characterization
37、 and engineering controls. Ensure design and installation conform totechnical standards specified in regulations.6.3.9 MMGuidance: Identify relevant guidance documents. 4.6,6.3.9 MMRisk Limits: Define unacceptable risk per regulatory framework or other process. 5.2Permitting: Complete permitting, no
38、tification, and activity and use limitations perregulatory requirements.6.3.92. Site Conceptual ModelDelineation: Define extent of chemical-affected environmental media: soil, groundwater,air, other.5.2.1 MMChemicals of Concern: Identify COCs, toxicity, concentrations, locations, migrationpotential.
39、5.2.1Receptors: Identify potential receptors, complete exposure pathways, defineanticipated property use during design life of engineering control.5.2.1 MMSITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN1. Considerations for Site Development PlanHuman Contact: Reduce or eliminate human contact with chemical-affectedenvironmen
40、tal media.5.3.1 MMWaste: Limit generation of hazardous waste materials. 5.3.1COC Migration: Prevent off-site migration of COCs. 5.3.1 MMPlume Expansion: Prevent expansion of affected soil and groundwater zones. 5.3.12. Limitations on Site Development PlanSubsurface Construction: Consider locations o
41、f structures and subsurface penetrations,consider direct contact with chemical-affected groundwater during construction.5.3.2 MMExisting Facilities: Consider need to maintain existing engineering controls. 5.3.2DESIGN OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS1. Achievement of Performance StandardRisk Limits: Reduce o
42、r eliminate unacceptable risk by either or both of the following:a. By preventing direct contact with chemical-affected environmental media.b. By preventing migration of COCs from chemical-affected environmental media topoint of exposure.6.1.1 MMDesign Life: Set design life of engineering control eq
43、ual to lesser of the following:a. Expected duration of the exposure hazard.b. Expected duration of the site or structure for the specified property use.6.1.2 MM2. Application of Engineering Controls to Specific Exposure PathwaysDirect Contact: Prevent surface soil direct contact by either or both of
44、 the followinga. Obstructing human contact with chemical-affected soil.b. Impeding the release of wind-driven soil particulates into the air.6.2.1 MMSoil or Groundwater Vapors: Prevent inhalation of vapors at concentrations exceedingunacceptable risk levels by inhibiting migration of vapors to ambie
45、nt or indoor air.6.2.2 MMGroundwater Impacts: Prevent impact of affected groundwater on subsurface structuresor utilities by installing a barrier to flow.6.2.33. Design SpecificationsQualifications: Prepare design specification by qualified persons having requiredprofessional or regulatory certifica
46、tions.4.5,6.3 MMParticipation: Solicit, consider, and incorporate input from individuals and firms workingon various aspects of the design, construction, operation, and maintenancespecifications.1.3Documentation: Document design specifications in sufficient detail to evaluatecompliance with performa
47、nce criteria.6.3 MMDesign Basis Information: Develop design basis information sufficient to supportengineering design of components of the engineering control.6.3.1Effective Area: Define effective area to address the full area or volume, or both, of thechemical-affected environmental media requiring
48、 exposure control.6.3.2 MMDefining Boundary: Specify defining boundary to physically demarcate or documentengineering control or area of chemical-affected media, or both.6.3.2Components: Specify design components of engineering control, including details ofdesign, installation, and operation and mai
49、ntenance.6.3.3 MMDimensions and Material Specifications: Evaluate the properties of each designcomponent (e.g., material strength, durability, corrosion resistance, chemicalcompatibility) for capability to achieve the specified performance standard for theduration of the design life under anticipated site conditions.6.3.4Treatment System: Specify design for construction or installation of treatment systemfor soil or groundwater, including removal efficiency or required concentrationsafter treatment.6.3.5 MMDocumentation: Prepare record drawings, drawings conforming to
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