1、Designation: E2453 13Standard Practice forDetermining the Life-Cycle Cost of Ownership of PersonalProperty1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2453; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorically, the financial and property management communities have considered the “cost” of anitem or group of items to b
3、e the acquisition value of the item(s), that is, the value/cost of an item isgenerally based upon the amount of money paid for the item, irrespective of the many and varied costsassociated with the full life cycle. There are more appropriate models than the historical model forvaluing property. Howe
4、ver, for the purpose of this practice on life-cycle costing (LCC), one shouldconsider that in addition to the initial procurement costs, there are myriad costs required to support,maintain, operate, and dispose of the item(s). This practice on LCC provides an accepted methodologyfor calculating and
5、summing those costs and provides a true total cost of ownership that helpsmanagement make more informed and better acquisitions decisions.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the establishment of a processconsensus model for determining the life-cycle cost (LCC) ofpersonal property assets owned or used
6、by an entity.1.1.1 For businesses, these personal property assets arerequired to achieve financial returns from producing andselling goods or services, or both.1.1.2 For institutions and agencies, these personal propertyassets are required to accomplish their primary mission.1.2 Real and personal pr
7、operty assets may include capital(fixed) assets and movable, durable assets including: customer-supplied assets, rental/leased assets, contract/project direct-purchased assets, or expense items.1.3 Asset service lives can be divided into three distinctstages, each with several separate yet interrela
8、ted substages:acquisition, utilization, and disposition. These primary stagesare not intended to be all encompassing, but are offered as thebasis for establishing LCC.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
9、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2135 Terminology for Property and Asset ManagementE2279 Practice for Establishing the Guiding Principle
10、s ofProperty Management3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 calibration, nact of standardizing or determining thedeviation from a standard so as to ascertain the propercorrection factors.3.1.2 life-cycle cost (LCC), nsum of all known materialcosts associated with an item or group of items and these c
11、ostsinclude not only the acquisition value, but also activitiesrelated to an item from acquisition through utilization anddisposition. Sometimes referred to as TCO (see 3.1.6).3.1.3 personal property, ntangible property other thanland;3in law, the tangible, movable property of an individual,exclusiv
12、e of land and including items such as automotivevehicles, boats, and money.3.1.3.1 DiscussionSoftware (intellectual property) is con-sidered personal property.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E53 on AssetManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E53.03 on
13、FinancialManagement.Current edition approved July 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E245305. DOI:10.1520/E245313.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
14、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Definition from Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition),Microsoft Corp., 2004.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、 PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4 preventative maintenance, nregularly scheduled pe-riodic maintenance activities on selected equipment that typi-cally includes inspection, lubrication, and minor adjustment.3.1.5 property, nsomething or a number of things in whichone has the rights and interests s
16、ubject to ownership includingboth tangible and intangible property (see TerminologyE2135).3.1.5.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this practice, prop-erty includes, but is not limited to, capital (fixed) assets,customer-supplied assets, rental/leased assets, contract/projectdirect-purchased assets, or
17、 expense items. Generally, propertydoes not include finished goods, products, or services marketedor sold or intangible property (such as intellectual property,patents, and so forth).3.1.6 total cost of ownership (TCO), nanalogous to LCC;for clarity and consistency, this practice will use LCC exclu-
18、sively.4. Summary of Practice4.1 For decision making purposes this practice provides forcomplete accountability and financial control of personalproperty by separating the three major life-cycle stages intomore comprehensive substages and then associating thosestages and substages with the effort an
19、d costs.4.2 Entities adhering to this practice will establish a demon-strable and consistent methodology to ascertain the LCC forindividual assets or groups of assets. Elements of the method-ology will consider, at a minimum, those factors described inthis practice.4.3 The costs, now identified, can
20、 be tracked and analyzed,leading to a more comprehensive understanding of how assetscan be more effectively and efficiently used, especially from acost standpoint.5. Significance and Use5.1 For agencies and institutions, measuring and managingthe LCC of ownership of property may directly result inim
21、proved accountability, in the form of cost savings, increasedasset utilization, extended asset life, and increased missioneffectiveness.5.2 For companies, measuring and managing the LCC ofownership of property may directly result in cost savings,increased asset utilization, and, therefore, improved
22、profitmargins.5.3 Including LCC in the three stages is consistent withPractice E2279 under the reporting principle.6. Associated Costs6.1 Associated costs can be broken down into three distinctstages:6.1.1 AcquisitionBudgetary/planningconcept, feasibility,studies, funding, lease/buy, make/buy, and s
23、o forth and siteacquisition, construction, design, purchase, receipt, and soforth;6.1.2 UtilizationSkills, training required and knowledgeof the user, utilities; recurring and preventive maintenance;rehabilitation/overhaul; calibration; environmental, health, andsafety (EHS) compliance; American wit
24、h Disabilities Act(ADA) compliance; and so forth; and6.1.3 DispositionIdentification of idle or excess items orboth, disposition determinations, actual disposal costs, and soforth.6.2 AssetsThe three major stages in the life of an asset orgroup of assets are further detailed (this is not intended to
25、 be anall-inclusive listing):6.2.1 Acquisition:6.2.1.1 Budgetary/Planning,6.2.1.2 Need and schedule identified,6.2.1.3 Concept planning,6.2.1.4 Alternative considered,6.2.1.5 Resolution,6.2.1.6 Funding approved,6.2.1.7 Detailed design developed,6.2.1.8 Purchase,6.2.1.9 Receive,6.2.1.10 Identify, and
26、6.2.1.11 Record.6.2.2 Utilization:6.2.2.1 Set up integration as necessary and function check,6.2.2.2 Training operators,6.2.2.3 Maintenance, and metrology (calibration), andrehabilitation,6.2.2.4 Movement and storage,6.2.2.5 Physical inventories,6.2.2.6 Reports,6.2.2.7 Subcontractor control (for tho
27、se assets at vendors),and6.2.2.8 Labor cost for operation.6.2.3 Disposition:6.2.3.1 Disclosure as excess,6.2.3.2 Approval/authority to dispose,6.2.3.3 Disposition determination,6.2.3.4 Costs incurred for disposal, and value received,6.2.3.5 Recognition of retirement with records adjustment.6.3 Contr
28、ibutorsMajor contributors to the LCC processinclude, but are not limited to:6.3.1 Planning may be accomplished by the intended userwith, possibly, the assistance of:6.3.1.1 Procurement/supply chain management for vendor/cost advice,6.3.1.2 Metrology for support/maintainability advice,6.3.1.3 Facilit
29、ies for utilities and space requirements advice,and6.3.1.4 Accounting for budgetary advice.6.3.2 Acquisition is usually performed by:6.3.2.1 Procurement/supply chainPurchase components,6.3.2.2 ReceivingReceive components,6.3.2.3 Test equipmentAssemble components, and test thestation,6.3.2.4 UserTake
30、 custody, train on use, and use,6.3.2.5 Metrology/administrativeEstablish records andpreventive maintenance (PM) or calibration (CAL) require-ments or both, andE2453 1326.3.2.6 AccountingAccounts Payable and Fixed Asset Ac-counting.6.3.3 Utilization:6.3.3.1 UserVerifies functionality,6.3.3.2 Metrolo
31、gyPM or Cal, or both,6.3.3.3 AdministrativeInventories/audits/recordsmaintenance,6.3.3.4 User/metrologyRepair and rehabilitation identifi-cation (which, in effect, begins the cycle anew), and6.3.3.5 AccountingTaxes and insurance.6.3.4 Disposition:6.3.4.1 UserIdentifies idle excess,6.3.4.2 MetrologyD
32、etermine condition and screen for po-tential reuse,6.3.4.3 AdministrativeScreen for disposition authority andrecords maintenance, and6.3.4.4 AccountingAsset retirement costs or record dispo-sition proceeds and records maintenance.7. Procedure7.1 Adherents to this practice may choose to track anindiv
33、idual item or a group of items or the entirety of a class ofitems in accordance with this practice.7.2 Life-cycle costs should be computed, documented andconsidered at inception.7.2.1 Thus, a simple LCC equation for a single item couldappear as:LCC 51A1U6D (1)Where:A = acquisition,U = utilization, a
34、ndD = disposal.7.2.1.1 The “6D” signifies that the value of D may increaseor decrease the LCC of an item dependent upon whether theentity may realize a return, such as a sale, or an expenditure,such as disposal costs for hazardous items.7.2.2 Endless permutations exist, such as:LCC 5 A11A21An1U11U21
35、Un1D11D2_Dn(2)where each subscript identifies a particular functional effortsuch as departmental planning, accounting/finance/procure-ment, and so forth.NOTE 1It is incumbent upon the user to define the specific relation-ships appropriate for their situation.7.2.3 The LCC for an item or group of ite
36、ms may berecalculated on a recurring basis throughout the life of an assetor group of assets based upon when conditions change. In thatinstance, the LCC calculation could appear as:LCC 5 A1U6D6PV (3)where PV is an adjustment based upon the present value ofthe asset, dependent upon factors such as a
37、tax increase,appreciation in the value of the asset, an unforeseen mainte-nance or repair issue, and the like.7.2.3.1 Again, it is imperative that the using entity definesthe specific relationships appropriate to their situation.7.2.4 The LCC for a large group of items may be calculatedin a similar
38、manner by summing the costs of those functionalareas/departments involved in the life cycle of the items. Forexample, an annual snapshot of life-cycle costs of all the assetscould appear as:LCC 5 A1U1D6PV (4)Where:LCC = all assets, real and personal, acquired, used, anddisposed of by the entity duri
39、ng the applicable year;A = resources allocated to procurement functions such asdepartmental planning and budgeting, supply chainefforts, and so forth; andresources allocated to acquisition functions such asdepartmental planning, supply chain efforts, receiv-ing efforts, labeling, and recording effor
40、ts;U = resources allocated to using the assets, such astraining, metrology, property, facilities, andmanufacturing/engineering;D = resources allocated to disposing of assets no longerrequired, such as property, supply chain,environmental, health and safety, ship/pack, and soforth; andPV = factors in
41、fluencing the present value of the assets,such as fair value, net book value, and so forth.8. Keywords8.1 acquisitions; budgetary activities; disposal; life-cyclecosts; personal property; planning activities; property; utiliza-tionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any p
42、atent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revisi
43、on at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your co
44、mments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrigh
45、ted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E2453 133
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